Consistent interface for address snapshot and approval process definition

ABSTRACT

A business object model, which reflects data that is used during a given business transaction, is utilized to generate interfaces. This business object model facilitates commercial transactions by providing consistent interfaces that are suitable for use across industries, across businesses, and across different departments within a business during a business transaction. In some operations, software creates, updates, or otherwise processes information related to an address snapshot and an approval process definition business object.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Some details of the subject matter of this specification are described in previously-filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/803,178, entitled “Consistent Set of Interfaces Derived From a Business Object Model”, filed on May 11, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject matter described herein relates generally to the generation and use of consistent interfaces (or services) derived from a business object model. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to the generation and use of consistent interfaces or services that are suitable for use across industries, across businesses, and across different departments within a business.

BACKGROUND

Transactions are common among businesses and between business departments within a particular business. During any given transaction, these business entities exchange information. For example, during a sales transaction, numerous business entities may be involved, such as a sales entity that sells merchandise to a customer, a financial institution that handles the financial transaction, and a warehouse that sends the merchandise to the customer. The end-to-end business transaction may require a significant amount of information to be exchanged between the various business entities involved. For example, the customer may send a request for the merchandise as well as some form of payment authorization for the merchandise to the sales entity, and the sales entity may send the financial institution a request for a transfer of funds from the customer's account to the sales entity's account.

Exchanging information between different business entities is not a simple task. This is particularly true because the information used by different business entities is usually tightly tied to the business entity itself. Each business entity may have its own program for handling its part of the transaction. These programs differ from each other because they typically are created for different purposes and because each business entity may use semantics that differ from the other business entities. For example, one program may relate to accounting, another program may relate to manufacturing, and a third program may relate to inventory control. Similarly, one program may identify merchandise using the name of the product while another program may identify the same merchandise using its model number. Further, one business entity may use U.S. dollars to represent its currency while another business entity may use Japanese Yen. A simple difference in formatting, e.g., the use of upper-case lettering rather than lower-case or title-case, makes the exchange of information between businesses a difficult task. Unless the individual businesses agree upon particular semantics, human interaction typically is required to facilitate transactions between these businesses. Because these “heterogeneous” programs are used by different companies or by different business areas within a given company, a need exists for a consistent way to exchange information and perform a business transaction between the different business entities.

Currently, many standards exist that offer a variety of interfaces used to exchange business information. Most of these interfaces, however, apply to only one specific industry and are not consistent between the different standards. Moreover, a number of these interfaces are not consistent within an individual standard.

SUMMARY

In a first aspect, a computer-readable medium includes program code for providing a message-based interface for exchanging information about address snapshots. The medium comprises program code for receiving, via a message-based interface exposing at least one service as defined in a service registry and from a heterogeneous application executing in an environment of computer systems providing message-based services, a first message for requesting to create an address snapshot, including one or more addresses associated with an individual. The first message includes a message package hierarchically organized as an address snapshot create request sync message entity and an address snapshot package including an address snapshot entity. The address snapshot entity includes at least one web entity, at least one email entity, and at least one name entity. The medium further comprises program code for sending a second message to the heterogeneous application responsive to the first message.

Implementations can include the following. The address snapshot entity includes at least one of the following: at least one facsimile entity, at least one telephone entity, a communication preference entity, at least one postal address entity, and at least one display name entity. The address snapshot entity further includes a source object node reference.

In another aspect, a distributed system operates in a landscape of computer systems providing message-based services defined in a service registry. The system comprises a graphical user interface comprising computer readable instructions, embedded on tangible media, for requesting to create an address snapshot, including one or more addresses associated with an individual, the instructions using a request. The system further comprises a first memory storing a user interface controller for processing the request and involving a message including a message package hierarchically organized as an address snapshot create request sync message entity and an address snapshot package including an address snapshot entity. The address snapshot entity includes at least one web entity, at least one email entity, and at least one name entity. The system further comprises a second memory, remote from the graphical user interface, storing a plurality of service interfaces, wherein one of the service interfaces is operable to process the message via the service interface.

Implementations can include the following. The first memory is remote from the graphical user interface. The first memory is remote from the second memory.

In another aspect, a computer-readable medium includes program code for providing a message-based interface for exchanging information about approval process definitions. The medium comprises program code for receiving, via a message-based interface exposing at least one service as defined in a service registry and from a heterogeneous application executing in an environment of computer systems providing message-based services, a first message for notifying of an approval process definition, including identifying a business object type and a business object node type for which an approval process is defined. The first message includes a message package hierarchically organized as an approval process definition notification message entity and an approval process definition package including an approval process definition entity, wherein the approval process definition entity includes an access control list entity, a universally unique identifier, and a business object type code. The medium further comprises program code for sending a second message to the heterogeneous application responsive to the first message.

Implementations can include the following. The approval process definition entity further includes at least one version entity. The approval process definition entity further includes at least one of the following: a business object node type code and a support area code.

In another aspect, a distributed system operates in a landscape of computer systems providing message-based services defined in a service registry. The system comprises a graphical user interface comprising computer readable instructions, embedded on tangible media, for notifying of an approval process definition, including identifying a business object type and a business object node type for which an approval process is defined, the instructions using a request. The system further comprises a first memory storing a user interface controller for processing the request and involving a message including a message package hierarchically organized as an approval process definition notification message entity and an approval process definition package including an approval process definition entity, wherein the approval process definition entity includes an access control list entity, a universally unique identifier, and a business object type code. The system further comprises a second memory, remote from the graphical user interface, storing a plurality of service interfaces, wherein one of the service interfaces is operable to process the message via the service interface.

Implementations can include the following. The first memory is remote from the graphical user interface. The first memory is remote from the second memory.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a flow diagram of the overall steps performed by methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 2 depicts a business document flow for an invoice request in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIGS. 3A-B illustrate example environments implementing the transmission, receipt, and processing of data between heterogeneous applications in accordance with certain embodiments included in the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example application implementing certain techniques and components in accordance with one embodiment of the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5A depicts an example development environment in accordance with one embodiment of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5B depicts a simplified process for mapping a model representation to a runtime representation using the example development environment of FIG. 5A or some other development environment.

FIG. 6 depicts message categories in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 7 depicts an example of a package in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 8 depicts another example of a package in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 9 depicts a third example of a package in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 10 depicts a fourth example of a package in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 11 depicts the representation of a package in the XML schema in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 12 depicts a graphical representation of cardinalities between two entities in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 13 depicts an example of a composition in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 14 depicts an example of a hierarchical relationship in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 15 depicts an example of an aggregating relationship in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 16 depicts an example of an association in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 17 depicts an example of a specialization in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 18 depicts the categories of specializations in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 19 depicts an example of a hierarchy in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 20 depicts a graphical representation of a hierarchy in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIGS. 21A-B depict a flow diagram of the steps performed to create a business object model in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIGS. 22A-F depict a flow diagram of the steps performed to generate an interface from the business object model in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 23 depicts an example illustrating the transmittal of a business document in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 24 depicts an interface proxy in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 25 depicts an example illustrating the transmittal of a message using proxies in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 26A depicts components of a message in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 26B depicts IDs used in a message in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIGS. 27A-E depict a hierarchization process in accordance with methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 28 illustrates an example method for service enabling in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 29 is a graphical illustration of an example business object and associated components as may be used in the enterprise service infrastructure system of the present disclosure.

FIG. 30 illustrates an example method for managing a process agent framework in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 31 illustrates an example method for status and action management in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 32 depicts an example AddressSnapshot object model.

FIG. 33 depicts an example AddressSnapshotCreateRequest_sync message data type.

FIG. 34 depicts an example AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmation_sync message data type.

FIGS. 35-1 through 35-11 depict an example Address SnapshotCreateRequest_sync element structure.

FIG. 36 depicts an example AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmation_sync element structure.

FIG. 37 depicts an example ApprovalProcessDefinition object model.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A. Overview

Methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein facilitate e-commerce by providing consistent interfaces that are suitable for use across industries, across businesses, and across different departments within a business during a business transaction. To generate consistent interfaces, methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein utilize a business object model, which reflects the data that will be used during a given business transaction. An example of a business transaction is the exchange of purchase orders and order confirmations between a buyer and a seller. The business object model is generated in a hierarchical manner to ensure that the same type of data is represented the same way throughout the business object model. This ensures the consistency of the information in the business object model. Consistency is also reflected in the semantic meaning of the various structural elements. That is, each structural element has a consistent business meaning. For example, the location entity, regardless of in which package it is located, refers to a location.

From this business object model, various interfaces are derived to accomplish the functionality of the business transaction. Interfaces provide an entry point for components to access the functionality of an application. For example, the interface for a Purchase Order Request provides an entry point for components to access the functionality of a Purchase Order, in particular, to transmit and/or receive a Purchase Order Request. One skilled in the art will recognize that each of these interfaces may be provided, sold, distributed, utilized, or marketed as a separate product or as a major component of a separate product. Alternatively, a group of related interfaces may be provided, sold, distributed, utilized, or marketed as a product or as a major component of a separate product. Because the interfaces are generated from the business object model, the information in the interfaces is consistent, and the interfaces are consistent among the business entities. Such consistency facilitates heterogeneous business entities in cooperating to accomplish the business transaction.

Generally, the business object is a representation of a type of a uniquely identifiable business entity (an object instance) described by a structural model. In the architecture, processes may typically operate on business objects. Business objects represent a specific view on some well-defined business content. In other words, business objects represent content, which a typical business user would expect and understand with little explanation. Business objects are further categorized as business process objects and master data objects. A master data object is an object that encapsulates master data (i.e., data that is valid for a period of time). A business process object, which is the kind of business object generally found in a process component, is an object that encapsulates transactional data (i.e., data that is valid for a point in time). The term business object will be used generically to refer to a business process object and a master data object, unless the context requires otherwise. Properly implemented, business objects are implemented free of redundancies.

The architectural elements also include the process component. The process component is a software package that realizes a business process and generally exposes its functionality as services. The functionality contains business transactions. In general, the process component contains one or more semantically related business objects. Often, a particular business object belongs to no more than one process component. Interactions between process component pairs involving their respective business objects, process agents, operations, interfaces, and messages are described as process component interactions, which generally determine the interactions of a pair of process components across a deployment unit boundary. Interactions between process components within a deployment unit are typically not constrained by the architectural design and can be implemented in any convenient fashion. Process components may be modular and context-independent. In other words, process components may not be specific to any particular application and as such, may be reusable. In some implementations, the process component is the smallest (most granular) element of reuse in the architecture. An external process component is generally used to represent the external system in describing interactions with the external system; however, this should be understood to require no more of the external system than that able to produce and receive messages as required by the process component that interacts with the external system. For example, process components may include multiple operations that may provide interaction with the external system. Each operation generally belongs to one type of process component in the architecture. Operations can be synchronous or asynchronous, corresponding to synchronous or asynchronous process agents, which will be described below. The operation is often the smallest, separately-callable function, described by a set of data types used as input, output, and fault parameters serving as a signature.

The architectural elements may also include the service interface, referred to simply as the interface. The interface is a named group of operations. The interface often belongs to one process component and process component might contain multiple interfaces. In one implementation, the service interface contains only inbound or outbound operations, but not a mixture of both. One interface can contain both synchronous and asynchronous operations. Normally, operations of the same type (either inbound or outbound) which belong to the same message choreography will belong to the same interface. Thus, generally, all outbound operations to the same other process component are in one interface.

The architectural elements also include the message. Operations transmit and receive messages. Any convenient messaging infrastructure can be used. A message is information conveyed from one process component instance to another, with the expectation that activity will ensue. Operation can use multiple message types for inbound, outbound, or error messages. When two process components are in different deployment units, invocation of an operation of one process component by the other process component is accomplished by the operation on the other process component sending a message to the first process component.

The architectural elements may also include the process agent. Process agents do business processing that involves the sending or receiving of messages. Each operation normally has at least one associated process agent. Each process agent can be associated with one or more operations. Process agents can be either inbound or outbound and either synchronous or asynchronous. Asynchronous outbound process agents are called after a business object changes such as after a “create”, “update”, or “delete” of a business object instance. Synchronous outbound process agents are generally triggered directly by business object. An outbound process agent will generally perform some processing of the data of the business object instance whose change triggered the event. The outbound agent triggers subsequent business process steps by sending messages using well-defined outbound services to another process component, which generally will be in another deployment unit, or to an external system. The outbound process agent is linked to the one business object that triggers the agent, but it is sent not to another business object but rather to another process component. Thus, the outbound process agent can be implemented without knowledge of the exact business object design of the recipient process component. Alternatively, the process agent may be inbound. For example, inbound process agents may be used for the inbound part of a message-based communication. Inbound process agents are called after a message has been received. The inbound process agent starts the execution of the business process step requested in a message by creating or updating one or multiple business object instances. Inbound process agent is not generally the agent of business object but of its process component. Inbound process agent can act on multiple business objects in a process component. Regardless of whether the process agent is inbound or outbound, an agent may be synchronous if used when a process component requires a more or less immediate response from another process component, and is waiting for that response to continue its work.

The architectural elements also include the deployment unit. Each deployment unit may include one or more process components that are generally deployed together on a single computer system platform. Conversely, separate deployment units can be deployed on separate physical computing systems. The process components of one deployment unit can interact with those of another deployment unit using messages passed through one or more data communication networks or other suitable communication channels. Thus, a deployment unit deployed on a platform belonging to one business can interact with a deployment unit software entity deployed on a separate platform belonging to a different and unrelated business, allowing for business-to-business communication. More than one instance of a given deployment unit can execute at the same time, on the same computing system or on separate physical computing systems. This arrangement allows the functionality offered by the deployment unit to be scaled to meet demand by creating as many instances as needed.

Since interaction between deployment units is through process component operations, one deployment unit can be replaced by other another deployment unit as long as the new deployment unit supports the operations depended upon by other deployment units as appropriate. Thus, while deployment units can depend on the external interfaces of process components in other deployment units, deployment units are not dependent on process component interaction within other deployment units. Similarly, process components that interact with other process components or external systems only through messages, e.g., as sent and received by operations, can also be replaced as long as the replacement generally supports the operations of the original.

Services (or interfaces) may be provided in a flexible architecture to support varying criteria between services and systems. The flexible architecture may generally be provided by a service delivery business object. The system may be able to schedule a service asynchronously as necessary, or on a regular basis. Services may be planned according to a schedule manually or automatically. For example, a follow-up service may be scheduled automatically upon completing an initial service. In addition, flexible execution periods may be possible (e.g. hourly, daily, every three months, etc.). Each customer may plan the services on demand or reschedule service execution upon request.

FIG. 1 depicts a flow diagram 100 showing an example technique, perhaps implemented by systems similar to those disclosed herein. Initially, to generate the business object model, design engineers study the details of a business process, and model the business process using a “business scenario” (step 102). The business scenario identifies the steps performed by the different business entities during a business process. Thus, the business scenario is a complete representation of a clearly defined business process.

After creating the business scenario, the developers add details to each step of the business scenario (step 104). In particular, for each step of the business scenario, the developers identify the complete process steps performed by each business entity. A discrete portion of the business scenario reflects a “business transaction,” and each business entity is referred to as a “component” of the business transaction. The developers also identify the messages that are transmitted between the components. A “process interaction model” represents the complete process steps between two components.

After creating the process interaction model, the developers create a “message choreography” (step 106), which depicts the messages transmitted between the two components in the process interaction model. The developers then represent the transmission of the messages between the components during a business process in a “business document flow” (step 108). Thus, the business document flow illustrates the flow of information between the business entities during a business process.

FIG. 2 depicts an example business document flow 200 for the process of purchasing a product or service. The business entities involved with the illustrative purchase process include Accounting 202, Payment 204, Invoicing 206, Supply Chain Execution (“SCE”) 208, Supply Chain Planning (“SCP”) 210, Fulfillment Coordination (“FC”) 212, Supply Relationship Management (“SRM”) 214, Supplier 216, and Bank 218. The business document flow 200 is divided into four different transactions: Preparation of Ordering (“Contract”) 220, Ordering 222, Goods Receiving (“Delivery”) 224, and Billing/Payment 226. In the business document flow, arrows 228 represent the transmittal of documents. Each document reflects a message transmitted between entities. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the messages transferred may be considered to be a communications protocol. The process flow follows the focus of control, which is depicted as a solid vertical line (e.g., 229) when the step is required, and a dotted vertical line (e.g., 230) when the step is optional.

During the Contract transaction 220, the SRM 214 sends a Source of Supply Notification 232 to the SCP 210. This step is optional, as illustrated by the optional control line 230 coupling this step to the remainder of the business document flow 200. During the Ordering transaction 222, the SCP 210 sends a Purchase Requirement Request 234 to the FC 212, which forwards a Purchase Requirement Request 236 to the SRM 214. The SRM 214 then sends a Purchase Requirement Confirmation 238 to the FC 212, and the FC 212 sends a Purchase Requirement Confirmation 240 to the SCP 210. The SRM 214 also sends a Purchase Order Request 242 to the Supplier 216, and sends Purchase Order Information 244 to the FC 212. The FC 212 then sends a Purchase Order Planning Notification 246 to the SCP 210. The Supplier 216, after receiving the Purchase Order Request 242, sends a Purchase Order Confirmation 248 to the SRM 214, which sends a Purchase Order Information confirmation message 254 to the FC 212, which sends a message 256 confirming the Purchase Order Planning Notification to the SCP 210. The SRM 214 then sends an Invoice Due Notification 258 to Invoicing 206.

During the Delivery transaction 224, the FC 212 sends a Delivery Execution Request 260 to the SCE 208. The Supplier 216 could optionally (illustrated at control line 250) send a Dispatched Delivery Notification 252 to the SCE 208. The SCE 208 then sends a message 262 to the FC 212 notifying the FC 212 that the request for the Delivery Information was created. The FC 212 then sends a message 264 notifying the SRM 214 that the request for the Delivery Information was created. The FC 212 also sends a message 266 notifying the SCP 210 that the request for the Delivery Information was created. The SCE 208 sends a message 268 to the FC 212 when the goods have been set aside for delivery. The FC 212 sends a message 270 to the SRM 214 when the goods have been set aside for delivery. The FC 212 also sends a message 272 to the SCP 210 when the goods have been set aside for delivery.

The SCE 208 sends a message 274 to the FC 212 when the goods have been delivered. The FC 212 then sends a message 276 to the SRM 214 indicating that the goods have been delivered, and sends a message 278 to the SCP 210 indicating that the goods have been delivered. The SCE 208 then sends an Inventory Change Accounting Notification 280 to Accounting 202, and an Inventory Change Notification 282 to the SCP 210. The FC 212 sends an Invoice Due Notification 284 to Invoicing 206, and SCE 208 sends a Received Delivery Notification 286 to the Supplier 216.

During the Billing/Payment transaction 226, the Supplier 216 sends an Invoice Request 287 to Invoicing 206. Invoicing 206 then sends a Payment Due Notification 288 to Payment 204, a Tax Due Notification 289 to Payment 204, an Invoice Confirmation 290 to the Supplier 216, and an Invoice Accounting Notification 291 to Accounting 202. Payment 204 sends a Payment Request 292 to the Bank 218, and a Payment Requested Accounting Notification 293 to Accounting 202. Bank 218 sends a Bank Statement Information 296 to Payment 204. Payment 204 then sends a Payment Done Information 294 to Invoicing 206 and a Payment Done Accounting Notification 295 to Accounting 202.

Within a business document flow, business documents having the same or similar structures are marked. For example, in the business document flow 200 depicted in FIG. 2, Purchase Requirement Requests 234, 236 and Purchase Requirement Confirmations 238, 240 have the same structures. Thus, each of these business documents is marked with an “O6.” Similarly, Purchase Order Request 242 and Purchase Order Confirmation 248 have the same structures. Thus, both documents are marked with an “O1.” Each business document or message is based on a message type.

From the business document flow, the developers identify the business documents having identical or similar structures, and use these business documents to create the business object model (step 110). The business object model includes the objects contained within the business documents. These objects are reflected as packages containing related information, and are arranged in a hierarchical structure within the business object model, as discussed below.

Methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein then generate interfaces from the business object model (step 112). The heterogeneous programs use instantiations of these interfaces (called “business document objects” below) to create messages (step 114), which are sent to complete the business transaction (step 116). Business entities use these messages to exchange information with other business entities during an end-to-end business transaction. Since the business object model is shared by heterogeneous programs, the interfaces are consistent among these programs. The heterogeneous programs use these consistent interfaces to communicate in a consistent manner, thus facilitating the business transactions.

Standardized Business-to-Business (“B2B”) messages are compliant with at least one of the e-business standards (i.e., they include the business-relevant fields of the standard). The e-business standards include, for example, RosettaNet for the high-tech industry, Chemical Industry Data Exchange (“CIDX”), Petroleum Industry Data Exchange (“PIDX”) for the oil industry, UCCnet for trade, PapiNet for the paper industry, Odette for the automotive industry, HR-XML for human resources, and XML Common Business Library (“xCBL”). Thus, B2B messages enable simple integration of components in heterogeneous system landscapes. Application-to-Application (“A2A”) messages often exceed the standards and thus may provide the benefit of the full functionality of application components. Although various steps of FIG. 1 were described as being performed manually, one skilled in the art will appreciate that such steps could be computer-assisted or performed entirely by a computer, including being performed by either hardware, software, or any other combination thereof.

B. Implementation Details

As discussed above, methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein create consistent interfaces by generating the interfaces from a business object model. Details regarding the creation of the business object model, the generation of an interface from the business object model, and the use of an interface generated from the business object model are provided below.

Turning to the illustrated embodiment in FIG. 3A, environment 300 includes or is communicably coupled (such as via a one-, bi- or multi-directional link or network) with server 302, one or more clients 304, one or more or vendors 306, one or more customers 308, at least some of which communicate across network 312. But, of course, this illustration is for example purposes only, and any distributed system or environment implementing one or more of the techniques described herein may be within the scope of this disclosure. Server 302 comprises an electronic computing device operable to receive, transmit, process and store data associated with environment 300. Generally, FIG. 3A provides merely one example of computers that may be used with the disclosure. Each computer is generally intended to encompass any suitable processing device. For example, although FIG. 3A illustrates one server 302 that may be used with the disclosure, environment 300 can be implemented using computers other than servers, as well as a server pool. Indeed, server 302 may be any computer or processing device such as, for example, a blade server, general-purpose personal computer (PC), Macintosh, workstation, Unix-based computer, or any other suitable device. In other words, the present disclosure contemplates computers other than general purpose computers as well as computers without conventional operating systems. Server 302 may be adapted to execute any operating system including Linux, UNIX, Windows Server, or any other suitable operating system. According to one embodiment, server 302 may also include or be communicably coupled with a web server and/or a mail server.

As illustrated (but not required), the server 302 is communicably coupled with a relatively remote repository 335 over a portion of the network 312. The repository 335 is any electronic storage facility, data processing center, or archive that may supplement or replace local memory (such as 327). The repository 335 may be a central database communicably coupled with the one or more servers 302 and the clients 304 via a virtual private network (VPN), SSH (Secure Shell) tunnel, or other secure network connection. The repository 335 may be physically or logically located at any appropriate location including in one of the example enterprises or off-shore, so long as it remains operable to store information associated with the environment 300 and communicate such data to the server 302 or at least a subset of plurality of the clients 304.

Illustrated server 302 includes local memory 327. Memory 327 may include any memory or database module and may take the form of volatile or non-volatile memory including, without limitation, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), removable media, or any other suitable local or remote memory component. Illustrated memory 327 includes an exchange infrastructure (“XI”) 314, which is an infrastructure that supports the technical interaction of business processes across heterogeneous system environments. XI 314 centralizes the communication between components within a business entity and between different business entities. When appropriate, XI 314 carries out the mapping between the messages. XI 314 integrates different versions of systems implemented on different platforms (e.g., Java and ABAP). XI 314 is based on an open architecture, and makes use of open standards, such as eXtensible Markup Language (XML)™ and Java environments. XI 314 offers services that are useful in a heterogeneous and complex system landscape. In particular, XI 314 offers a runtime infrastructure for message exchange, configuration options for managing business processes and message flow, and options for transforming message contents between sender and receiver systems.

XI 314 stores data types 316, a business object model 318, and interfaces 320. The details regarding the business object model are described below. Data types 316 are the building blocks for the business object model 318. The business object model 318 is used to derive consistent interfaces 320. XI 314 allows for the exchange of information from a first company having one computer system to a second company having a second computer system over network 312 by using the standardized interfaces 320.

While not illustrated, memory 327 may also include business objects and any other appropriate data such as services, interfaces, VPN applications or services, firewall policies, a security or access log, print or other reporting files, HTML files or templates, data classes or object interfaces, child software applications or sub-systems, and others. This stored data may be stored in one or more logical or physical repositories. In some embodiments, the stored data (or pointers thereto) may be stored in one or more tables in a relational database described in terms of SQL statements or scripts. In the same or other embodiments, the stored data may also be formatted, stored, or defined as various data structures in text files, XML documents, Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) files, flat files, Btrieve files, comma-separated-value (CSV) files, internal variables, or one or more libraries. For example, a particular data service record may merely be a pointer to a particular piece of third party software stored remotely. In another example, a particular data service may be an internally stored software object usable by authenticated customers or internal development. In short, the stored data may comprise one table or file or a plurality of tables or files stored on one computer or across a plurality of computers in any appropriate format. Indeed, some or all of the stored data may be local or remote without departing from the scope of this disclosure and store any type of appropriate data.

Server 302 also includes processor 325. Processor 325 executes instructions and manipulates data to perform the operations of server 302 such as, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a blade, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Although FIG. 3A illustrates a single processor 325 in server 302, multiple processors 325 may be used according to particular needs and reference to processor 325 is meant to include multiple processors 325 where applicable. In the illustrated embodiment, processor 325 executes at least business application 330.

At a high level, business application 330 is any application, program, module, process, or other software that utilizes or facilitates the exchange of information via messages (or services) or the use of business objects. For example, application 330 may implement, utilize or otherwise leverage an enterprise service-oriented architecture (enterprise SOA), which may be considered a blueprint for an adaptable, flexible, and open IT architecture for developing services-based, enterprise-scale business solutions. This example enterprise service may be a series of web services combined with business logic that can be accessed and used repeatedly to support a particular business process. Aggregating web services into business-level enterprise services helps provide a more meaningful foundation for the task of automating enterprise-scale business scenarios Put simply, enterprise services help provide a holistic combination of actions that are semantically linked to complete the specific task, no matter how many cross-applications are involved. In certain cases, environment 300 may implement a composite application 330, as described below in FIG. 4. Regardless of the particular implementation, “software” may include software, firmware, wired or programmed hardware, or any combination thereof as appropriate. Indeed, application 330 may be written or described in any appropriate computer language including C, C++, Java, Visual Basic, assembler, Perl, any suitable version of 4GL, as well as others. For example, returning to the above mentioned composite application, the composite application portions may be implemented as Enterprise Java Beans (EJBs) or the design-time components may have the ability to generate run-time implementations into different platforms, such as J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition), ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) objects, or Microsoft's .NET. It will be understood that while application 330 is illustrated in FIG. 4 as including various sub-modules, application 330 may include numerous other sub-modules or may instead be a single multi-tasked module that implements the various features and functionality through various objects, methods, or other processes. Further, while illustrated as internal to server 302, one or more processes associated with application 330 may be stored, referenced, or executed remotely. For example, a portion of application 330 may be a web service that is remotely called, while another portion of application 330 may be an interface object bundled for processing at remote client 304. Moreover, application 330 may be a child or sub-module of another software module or enterprise application (not illustrated) without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, application 330 may be a hosted solution that allows multiple related or third parties in different portions of the process to perform the respective processing.

More specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 4, application 330 may be a composite application, or an application built on other applications, that includes an object access layer (OAL) and a service layer. In this example, application 330 may execute or provide a number of application services, such as customer relationship management (CRM) systems, human resources management (HRM) systems, financial management (FM) systems, project management (PM) systems, knowledge management (KM) systems, and electronic file and mail systems. Such an object access layer is operable to exchange data with a plurality of enterprise base systems and to present the data to a composite application through a uniform interface. The example service layer is operable to provide services to the composite application. These layers may help the composite application to orchestrate a business process in synchronization with other existing processes (e.g., native processes of enterprise base systems) and leverage existing investments in the IT platform. Further, composite application 330 may run on a heterogeneous IT platform. In doing so, composite application may be cross-functional in that it may drive business processes across different applications, technologies, and organizations. Accordingly, composite application 330 may drive end-to-end business processes across heterogeneous systems or sub-systems. Application 330 may also include or be coupled with a persistence layer and one or more application system connectors. Such application system connectors enable data exchange and integration with enterprise sub-systems and may include an Enterprise Connector (EC) interface, an Internet Communication Manager/Internet Communication Framework (ICM/ICF) interface, an Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) interface, and/or other interfaces that provide Remote Function Call (RFC) capability. It will be understood that while this example describes a composite application 330, it may instead be a standalone or (relatively) simple software program. Regardless, application 330 may also perform processing automatically, which may indicate that the appropriate processing is substantially performed by at least one component of environment 300. It should be understood that automatically further contemplates any suitable administrator or other user interaction with application 330 or other components of environment 300 without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

Returning to FIG. 3A, illustrated server 302 may also include interface 317 for communicating with other computer systems, such as clients 304, over network 312 in a client-server or other distributed environment. In certain embodiments, server 302 receives data from internal or external senders through interface 317 for storage in memory 327, for storage in DB 335, and/or processing by processor 325. Generally, interface 317 comprises logic encoded in software and/or hardware in a suitable combination and operable to communicate with network 312. More specifically, interface 317 may comprise software supporting one or more communications protocols associated with communications network 312 or hardware operable to communicate physical signals.

Network 312 facilitates wireless or wireline communication between computer server 302 and any other local or remote computer, such as clients 304. Network 312 may be all or a portion of an enterprise or secured network. In another example, network 312 may be a VPN merely between server 302 and client 304 across wireline or wireless link. Such an example wireless link may be via 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.20, WiMax, and many others. While illustrated as a single or continuous network, network 312 may be logically divided into various sub-nets or virtual networks without departing from the scope of this disclosure, so long as at least portion of network 312 may facilitate communications between server 302 and at least one client 304. For example, server 302 may be communicably coupled to one or more “local” repositories through one sub-net while communicably coupled to a particular client 304 or “remote” repositories through another. In other words, network 312 encompasses any internal or external network, networks, sub-network, or combination thereof operable to facilitate communications between various computing components in environment 300. Network 312 may communicate, for example, Internet Protocol (IP) packets, Frame Relay frames, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cells, voice, video, data, and other suitable information between network addresses. Network 312 may include one or more local area networks (LANs), radio access networks (RANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), all or a portion of the global computer network known as the Internet, and/or any other communication system or systems at one or more locations. In certain embodiments, network 312 may be a secure network associated with the enterprise and certain local or remote vendors 306 and customers 308. As used in this disclosure, customer 308 is any person, department, organization, small business, enterprise, or any other entity that may use or request others to use environment 300. As described above, vendors 306 also may be local or remote to customer 308. Indeed, a particular vendor 306 may provide some content to business application 330, while receiving or purchasing other content (at the same or different times) as customer 308. As illustrated, customer 308 and vendor 06 each typically perform some processing (such as uploading or purchasing content) using a computer, such as client 304.

Client 304 is any computing device operable to connect or communicate with server 302 or network 312 using any communication link. For example, client 304 is intended to encompass a personal computer, touch screen terminal, workstation, network computer, kiosk, wireless data port, smart phone, personal data assistant (PDA), one or more processors within these or other devices, or any other suitable processing device used by or for the benefit of business 308, vendor 306, or some other user or entity. At a high level, each client 304 includes or executes at least GUI 336 and comprises an electronic computing device operable to receive, transmit, process and store any appropriate data associated with environment 300. It will be understood that there may be any number of clients 304 communicably coupled to server 302. Further, “client 304,” “business,” “business analyst,” “end user,” and “user” may be used interchangeably as appropriate without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Moreover, for ease of illustration, each client 304 is described in terms of being used by one user. But this disclosure contemplates that many users may use one computer or that one user may use multiple computers. For example, client 304 may be a PDA operable to wirelessly connect with external or unsecured network. In another example, client 304 may comprise a laptop that includes an input device, such as a keypad, touch screen, mouse, or other device that can accept information, and an output device that conveys information associated with the operation of server 302 or clients 304, including digital data, visual information, or GUI 336. Both the input device and output device may include fixed or removable storage media such as a magnetic computer disk, CD-ROM, or other suitable media to both receive input from and provide output to users of clients 304 through the display, namely the client portion of GUI or application interface 336.

GUI 336 comprises a graphical user interface operable to allow the user of client 304 to interface with at least a portion of environment 300 for any suitable purpose, such as viewing application or other transaction data. Generally, GUI 336 provides the particular user with an efficient and user-friendly presentation of data provided by or communicated within environment 300. For example, GUI 336 may present the user with the components and information that is relevant to their task, increase reuse of such components, and facilitate a sizable developer community around those components. GUI 336 may comprise a plurality of customizable frames or views having interactive fields, pull-down lists, and buttons operated by the user. For example, GUI 336 is operable to display data involving business objects and interfaces in a user-friendly form based on the user context and the displayed data. In another example, GUI 336 is operable to display different levels and types of information involving business objects and interfaces based on the identified or supplied user role. GUI 336 may also present a plurality of portals or dashboards. For example, GUI 336 may display a portal that allows users to view, create, and manage historical and real-time reports including role-based reporting and such. Of course, such reports may be in any appropriate output format including PDF, HTML, and printable text. Real-time dashboards often provide table and graph information on the current state of the data, which may be supplemented by business objects and interfaces. It should be understood that the term graphical user interface may be used in the singular or in the plural to describe one or more graphical user interfaces and each of the displays of a particular graphical user interface. Indeed, reference to GUI 336 may indicate a reference to the front-end or a component of business application 330, as well as the particular interface accessible via client 304, as appropriate, without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, GUI 336 contemplates any graphical user interface, such as a generic web browser or touchscreen, that processes information in environment 300 and efficiently presents the results to the user. Server 302 can accept data from client 304 via the web browser (e.g., Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator) and return the appropriate HTML or XML responses to the browser using network 312.

More generally in environment 300 as depicted in FIG. 3B, a Foundation Layer 375 can be deployed on multiple separate and distinct hardware platforms, e.g., System A 350 and System B 360, to support application software deployed as two or more deployment units distributed on the platforms, including deployment unit 352 deployed on System A and deployment unit 362 deployed on System B. In this example, the foundation layer can be used to support application software deployed in an application layer. In particular, the foundation layer can be used in connection with application software implemented in accordance with a software architecture that provides a suite of enterprise service operations having various application functionality. In some implementations, the application software is implemented to be deployed on an application platform that includes a foundation layer that contains all fundamental entities that can used from multiple deployment units. These entities can be process components, business objects, and reuse service components. A reuse service component is a piece of software that is reused in different transactions. A reuse service component is used by its defined interfaces, which can be, e.g., local APIs or service interfaces. As explained above, process components in separate deployment units interact through service operations, as illustrated by messages passing between service operations 356 and 366, which are implemented in process components 354 and 364, respectively, which are included in deployment units 352 and 362, respectively. As also explained above, some form of direct communication is generally the form of interaction used between a business object, e.g., business object 358 and 368, of an application deployment unit and a business object, such as master data object 370, of the Foundation Layer 375.

Various components of the present disclosure may be modeled using a model-driven environment. For example, the model-driven framework or environment may allow the developer to use simple drag-and-drop techniques to develop pattern-based or freestyle user interfaces and define the flow of data between them. The result could be an efficient, customized, visually rich online experience. In some cases, this model-driven development may accelerate the application development process and foster business-user self-service. It further enables business analysts or IT developers to compose visually rich applications that use analytic services, enterprise services, remote function calls (RFCs), APIs, and stored procedures. In addition, it may allow them to reuse existing applications and create content using a modeling process and a visual user interface instead of manual coding.

FIG. 5A depicts an example modeling environment 516, namely a modeling environment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 5A, such a modeling environment 516 may implement techniques for decoupling models created during design-time from the runtime environment. In other words, model representations for GUIs created in a design time environment are decoupled from the runtime environment in which the GUIs are executed. Often in these environments, a declarative and executable representation for GUIs for applications is provided that is independent of any particular runtime platform, GUI framework, device, or programming language.

According to some embodiments, a modeler (or other analyst) may use the model-driven modeling environment 516 to create pattern-based or freestyle user interfaces using simple drag-and-drop services. Because this development may be model-driven, the modeler can typically compose an application using models of business objects without having to write much, if any, code. In some cases, this example modeling environment 516 may provide a personalized, secure interface that helps unify enterprise applications, information, and processes into a coherent, role-based portal experience. Further, the modeling environment 516 may allow the developer to access and share information and applications in a collaborative environment. In this way, virtual collaboration rooms allow developers to work together efficiently, regardless of where they are located, and may enable powerful and immediate communication that crosses organizational boundaries while enforcing security requirements. Indeed, the modeling environment 516 may provide a shared set of services for finding, organizing, and accessing unstructured content stored in third-party repositories and content management systems across various networks 312. Classification tools may automate the organization of information, while subject-matter experts and content managers can publish information to distinct user audiences. Regardless of the particular implementation or architecture, this modeling environment 516 may allow the developer to easily model hosted business objects 140 using this model-driven approach.

In certain embodiments, the modeling environment 516 may implement or utilize a generic, declarative, and executable GUI language (generally described as XGL). This example XGL is generally independent of any particular GUI framework or runtime platform. Further, XGL is normally not dependent on characteristics of a target device on which the graphic user interface is to be displayed and may also be independent of any programming language. XGL is used to generate a generic representation (occasionally referred to as the XGL representation or XGL-compliant representation) for a design-time model representation. The XGL representation is thus typically a device-independent representation of a GUI. The XGL representation is declarative in that the representation does not depend on any particular GUI framework, runtime platform, device, or programming language. The XGL representation can be executable and therefore can unambiguously encapsulate execution semantics for the GUI described by a model representation. In short, models of different types can be transformed to XGL representations.

The XGL representation may be used for generating representations of various different GUIs and supports various GUI features including full windowing and componentization support, rich data visualizations and animations, rich modes of data entry and user interactions, and flexible connectivity to any complex application data services. While a specific embodiment of XGL is discussed, various other types of XGLs may also be used in alternative embodiments. In other words, it will be understood that XGL is used for example description only and may be read to include any abstract or modeling language that can be generic, declarative, and executable.

Turning to the illustrated embodiment in FIG. 5A, modeling tool 340 may be used by a GUI designer or business analyst during the application design phase to create a model representation 502 for a GUI application. It will be understood that modeling environment 516 may include or be compatible with various different modeling tools 340 used to generate model representation 502. This model representation 502 may be a machine-readable representation of an application or a domain specific model. Model representation 502 generally encapsulates various design parameters related to the GUI such as GUI components, dependencies between the GUI components, inputs and outputs, and the like. Put another way, model representation 502 provides a form in which the one or more models can be persisted and transported, and possibly handled by various tools such as code generators, runtime interpreters, analysis and validation tools, merge tools, and the like. In one embodiment, model representation 502 maybe a collection of XML documents with a well-formed syntax.

Illustrated modeling environment 516 also includes an abstract representation generator (or XGL generator) 504 operable to generate an abstract representation (for example, XGL representation or XGL-compliant representation) 506 based upon model representation 502. Abstract representation generator 504 takes model representation 502 as input and outputs abstract representation 506 for the model representation. Model representation 502 may include multiple instances of various forms or types depending on the tool/language used for the modeling. In certain cases, these various different model representations may each be mapped to one or more abstract representations 506. Different types of model representations may be transformed or mapped to XGL representations. For each type of model representation, mapping rules may be provided for mapping the model representation to the XGL representation 506. Different mapping rules may be provided for mapping a model representation to an XGL representation.

This XGL representation 506 that is created from a model representation may then be used for processing in the runtime environment. For example, the XGL representation 506 may be used to generate a machine-executable runtime GUI (or some other runtime representation) that may be executed by a target device. As part of the runtime processing, the XGL representation 506 may be transformed into one or more runtime representations, which may indicate source code in a particular programming language, machine-executable code for a specific runtime environment, executable GUI, and so forth, which may be generated for specific runtime environments and devices. Since the XGL representation 506, rather than the design-time model representation, is used by the runtime environment, the design-time model representation is decoupled from the runtime environment. The XGL representation 506 can thus serve as the common ground or interface between design-time user interface modeling tools and a plurality of user interface runtime frameworks. It provides a self-contained, closed, and deterministic definition of all aspects of a graphical user interface in a device-independent and programming-language independent manner. Accordingly, abstract representation 506 generated for a model representation 502 is generally declarative and executable in that it provides a representation of the GUI of model representation 502 that is not dependent on any device or runtime platform, is not dependent on any programming language, and unambiguously encapsulates execution semantics for the GUI. The execution semantics may include, for example, identification of various components of the GUI, interpretation of connections between the various GUI components, information identifying the order of sequencing of events, rules governing dynamic behavior of the GUI, rules governing handling of values by the GUI, and the like. The abstract representation 506 is also not GUI runtime-platform specific. The abstract representation 506 provides a self-contained, closed, and deterministic definition of all aspects of a graphical user interface that is device independent and language independent.

Abstract representation 506 is such that the appearance and execution semantics of a GUI generated from the XGL representation work consistently on different target devices irrespective of the GUI capabilities of the target device and the target device platform. For example, the same XGL representation may be mapped to appropriate GUIs on devices of differing levels of GUI complexity (i.e., the same abstract representation may be used to generate a GUI for devices that support simple GUIs and for devices that can support complex GUIs), the GUI generated by the devices are consistent with each other in their appearance and behavior.

Abstract representation generator 504 may be configured to generate abstract representation 506 for models of different types, which may be created using different modeling tools 340. It will be understood that modeling environment 516 may include some, none, or other sub-modules or components as those shown in this example illustration. In other words, modeling environment 516 encompasses the design-time environment (with or without the abstract generator or the various representations), a modeling toolkit (such as 340) linked with a developer's space, or any other appropriate software operable to decouple models created during design-time from the runtime environment. Abstract representation 506 provides an interface between the design time environment and the runtime environment. As shown, this abstract representation 506 may then be used by runtime processing.

As part of runtime processing, modeling environment 516 may include various runtime tools 508 and may generate different types of runtime representations based upon the abstract representation 506. Examples of runtime representations include device or language-dependent (or specific) source code, runtime platform-specific machine-readable code, GUIs for a particular target device, and the like. The runtime tools 508 may include compilers, interpreters, source code generators, and other such tools that are configured to generate runtime platform-specific or target device-specific runtime representations of abstract representation 506. The runtime tool 508 may generate the runtime representation from abstract representation 506 using specific rules that map abstract representation 506 to a particular type of runtime representation. These mapping rules may be dependent on the type of runtime tool, characteristics of the target device to be used for displaying the GUI, runtime platform, and/or other factors. Accordingly, mapping rules may be provided for transforming the abstract representation 506 to any number of target runtime representations directed to one or more target GUI runtime platforms. For example, XGL-compliant code generators may conform to semantics of XGL, as described below. XGL-compliant code generators may ensure that the appearance and behavior of the generated user interfaces is preserved across a plurality of target GUI frameworks, while accommodating the differences in the intrinsic characteristics of each and also accommodating the different levels of capability of target devices.

For example, as depicted in example FIG. 5A, an XGL-to-Java compiler 508A may take abstract representation 506 as input and generate Java code 510 for execution by a target device comprising a Java runtime 512. Java runtime 512 may execute Java code 510 to generate or display a GUI 514 on a Java-platform target device. As another example, an XGL-to-Flash compiler 508B may take abstract representation 506 as input and generate Flash code 526 for execution by a target device comprising a Flash runtime 518. Flash runtime 518 may execute Flash code 516 to generate or display a GUI 520 on a target device comprising a Flash platform. As another example, an XGL-to-DHTML (dynamic HTML) interpreter 508C may take abstract representation 506 as input and generate DHTML statements (instructions) on the fly which are then interpreted by a DHTML runtime 522 to generate or display a GUI 524 on a target device comprising a DHTML platform.

It should be apparent that abstract representation 506 may be used to generate GUIs for Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML) or various other runtime platforms and devices. The same abstract representation 506 may be mapped to various runtime representations and device-specific and runtime platform-specific GUIs. In general, in the runtime environment, machine executable instructions specific to a runtime environment may be generated based upon the abstract representation 506 and executed to generate a GUI in the runtime environment. The same XGL representation may be used to generate machine executable instructions specific to different runtime environments and target devices.

According to certain embodiments, the process of mapping a model representation 502 to an abstract representation 506 and mapping an abstract representation 506 to some runtime representation may be automated. For example, design tools may automatically generate an abstract representation for the model representation using XGL and then use the XGL abstract representation to generate GUIs that are customized for specific runtime environments and devices. As previously indicated, mapping rules may be provided for mapping model representations to an XGL representation. Mapping rules may also be provided for mapping an XGL representation to a runtime platform-specific representation.

Since the runtime environment uses abstract representation 506 rather than model representation 502 for runtime processing, the model representation 502 that is created during design-time is decoupled from the runtime environment. Abstract representation 506 thus provides an interface between the modeling environment and the runtime environment. As a result, changes may be made to the design time environment, including changes to model representation 502 or changes that affect model representation 502, generally to not substantially affect or impact the runtime environment or tools used by the runtime environment. Likewise, changes may be made to the runtime environment generally to not substantially affect or impact the design time environment. A designer or other developer can thus concentrate on the design aspects and make changes to the design without having to worry about the runtime dependencies such as the target device platform or programming language dependencies.

FIG. 5B depicts an example process for mapping a model representation 502 to a runtime representation using the example modeling environment 516 of FIG. 5A or some other modeling environment. Model representation 502 may comprise one or more model components and associated properties that describe a data object, such as hosted business objects and interfaces. As described above, at least one of these model components is based on or otherwise associated with these hosted business objects and interfaces. The abstract representation 506 is generated based upon model representation 502. Abstract representation 506 may be generated by the abstract representation generator 504. Abstract representation 506 comprises one or more abstract GUI components and properties associated with the abstract GUI components. As part of generation of abstract representation 506, the model GUI components and their associated properties from the model representation are mapped to abstract GUI components and properties associated with the abstract GUI components. Various mapping rules may be provided to facilitate the mapping. The abstract representation encapsulates both appearance and behavior of a GUI. Therefore, by mapping model components to abstract components, the abstract representation not only specifies the visual appearance of the GUI but also the behavior of the GUI, such as in response to events whether clicking/dragging or scrolling, interactions between GUI components and such.

One or more runtime representations 550 a, including GUIs for specific runtime environment platforms, may be generated from abstract representation 506. A device-dependent runtime representation may be generated for a particular type of target device platform to be used for executing and displaying the GUI encapsulated by the abstract representation. The GUIs generated from abstract representation 506 may comprise various types of GUI elements such as buttons, windows, scrollbars, input boxes, etc. Rules may be provided for mapping an abstract representation to a particular runtime representation. Various mapping rules may be provided for different runtime environment platforms.

Methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein provide and use interfaces 320 derived from the business object model 318 suitable for use with more than one business area, for example different departments within a company such as finance, or marketing. Also, they are suitable across industries and across businesses. Interfaces 320 are used during an end-to-end business transaction to transfer business process information in an application-independent manner. For example the interfaces can be used for fulfilling a sales order.

1. Message Overview

To perform an end-to-end business transaction, consistent interfaces are used to create business documents that are sent within messages between heterogeneous programs or modules.

a) Message Categories

As depicted in FIG. 6, the communication between a sender 602 and a recipient 604 can be broken down into basic categories that describe the type of the information exchanged and simultaneously suggest the anticipated reaction of the recipient 604. A message category is a general business classification for the messages. Communication is sender-driven. In other words, the meaning of the message categories is established or formulated from the perspective of the sender 602. The message categories include information 606, notification 608, query 610, response 612, request 614, and confirmation 616.

(1) Information

Information 606 is a message sent from a sender 602 to a recipient 604 concerning a condition or a statement of affairs. No reply to information is expected. Information 606 is sent to make business partners or business applications aware of a situation. Information 606 is not compiled to be application-specific. Examples of “information” are an announcement, advertising, a report, planning information, and a message to the business warehouse.

(2) Notification

A notification 608 is a notice or message that is geared to a service. A sender 602 sends the notification 608 to a recipient 604. No reply is expected for a notification. For example, a billing notification relates to the preparation of an invoice while a dispatched delivery notification relates to preparation for receipt of goods.

(3) Query

A query 610 is a question from a sender 602 to a recipient 604 to which a response 612 is expected. A query 610 implies no assurance or obligation on the part of the sender 602. Examples of a query 610 are whether space is available on a specific flight or whether a specific product is available. These queries do not express the desire for reserving the flight or purchasing the product.

(4) Response

A response 612 is a reply to a query 610. The recipient 604 sends the response 612 to the sender 602. A response 612 generally implies no assurance or obligation on the part of the recipient 604. The sender 602 is not expected to reply. Instead, the process is concluded with the response 612. Depending on the business scenario, a response 612 also may include a commitment, i.e., an assurance or obligation on the part of the recipient 604. Examples of responses 612 are a response stating that space is available on a specific flight or that a specific product is available. With these responses, no reservation was made.

(5) Request

A request 614 is a binding requisition or requirement from a sender 602 to a recipient 604. Depending on the business scenario, the recipient 604 can respond to a request 614 with a confirmation 616. The request 614 is binding on the sender 602. In making the request 614, the sender 602 assumes, for example, an obligation to accept the services rendered in the request 614 under the reported conditions. Examples of a request 614 are a parking ticket, a purchase order, an order for delivery and a job application.

(6) Confirmation

A confirmation 616 is a binding reply that is generally made to a request 614. The recipient 604 sends the confirmation 616 to the sender 602. The information indicated in a confirmation 616, such as deadlines, products, quantities and prices, can deviate from the information of the preceding request 614. A request 614 and confirmation 616 may be used in negotiating processes. A negotiating process can consist of a series of several request 614 and confirmation 616 messages. The confirmation 616 is binding on the recipient 604. For example, 100 units of X may be ordered in a purchase order request; however, only the delivery of 80 units is confirmed in the associated purchase order confirmation.

b) Message Choreography

A message choreography is a template that specifies the sequence of messages between business entities during a given transaction. The sequence with the messages contained in it describes in general the message “lifecycle” as it proceeds between the business entities. If messages from a choreography are used in a business transaction, they appear in the transaction in the sequence determined by the choreography. This illustrates the template character of a choreography, i.e., during an actual transaction, it is not necessary for all messages of the choreography to appear. Those messages that are contained in the transaction, however, follow the sequence within the choreography. A business transaction is thus a derivation of a message choreography. The choreography makes it possible to determine the structure of the individual message types more precisely and distinguish them from one another.

2. Components of the Business Object Model

The overall structure of the business object model ensures the consistency of the interfaces that are derived from the business object model. The derivation ensures that the same business-related subject matter or concept is represented and structured in the same way in all interfaces.

The business object model defines the business-related concepts at a central location for a number of business transactions. In other words, it reflects the decisions made about modeling the business entities of the real world acting in business transactions across industries and business areas. The business object model is defined by the business objects and their relationship to each other (the overall net structure).

Each business object is generally a capsule with an internal hierarchical structure, behavior offered by its operations, and integrity constraints. Business objects are semantically disjoint, i.e., the same business information is represented once. In the business object model, the business objects are arranged in an ordering framework. From left to right, they are arranged according to their existence dependency to each other. For example, the customizing elements may be arranged on the left side of the business object model, the strategic elements may be arranged in the center of the business object model, and the operative elements may be arranged on the right side of the business object model. Similarly, the business objects are arranged from the top to the bottom based on defined order of the business areas, e.g., finance could be arranged at the top of the business object model with CRM below finance and SRM below CRM.

To ensure the consistency of interfaces, the business object model may be built using standardized data types as well as packages to group related elements together, and package templates and entity templates to specify the arrangement of packages and entities within the structure.

a) Data Types

Data types are used to type object entities and interfaces with a structure. This typing can include business semantic. Such data types may include those generally described at pages 96 through 1642 (which are incorporated by reference herein) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/803,178, filed on May 11, 2007 and entitled “Consistent Set Of Interfaces Derived From A Business Object Model”. For example, the data type BusinessTransactionDocumentID is a unique identifier for a document in a business transaction. Also, as an example, Data type BusinessTransactionDocumentParty contains the information that is exchanged in business documents about a party involved in a business transaction, and includes the party's identity, the party's address, the party's contact person and the contact person's address. BusinessTransactionDocumentParty also includes the role of the party, e.g., a buyer, seller, product recipient, or vendor.

The data types are based on Core Component Types (“CCTs”), which themselves are based on the World Wide Web Consortium (“W3C”) data types. “Global” data types represent a business situation that is described by a fixed structure. Global data types include both context-neutral generic data types (“GDTs”) and context-based context data types (“CDTs”). GDTs contain business semantics, but are application-neutral, i.e., without context. CDTs, on the other hand, are based on GDTs and form either a use-specific view of the GDTs, or a context-specific assembly of GDTs or CDTs. A message is typically constructed with reference to a use and is thus a use-specific assembly of GDTs and CDTs. The data types can be aggregated to complex data types.

To achieve a harmonization across business objects and interfaces, the same subject matter is typed with the same data type. For example, the data type “GeoCoordinates” is built using the data type “Measure” so that the measures in a GeoCoordinate (i.e., the latitude measure and the longitude measure) are represented the same as other “Measures” that appear in the business object model.

b) Entities

Entities are discrete business elements that are used during a business transaction. Entities are not to be confused with business entities or the components that interact to perform a transaction. Rather, “entities” are one of the layers of the business object model and the interfaces. For example, a Catalogue entity is used in a Catalogue Publication Request and a Purchase Order is used in a Purchase Order Request. These entities are created using the data types defined above to ensure the consistent representation of data throughout the entities.

c) Packages

Packages group the entities in the business object model and the resulting interfaces into groups of semantically associated information. Packages also may include “sub”-packages, i.e., the packages may be nested.

Packages may group elements together based on different factors, such as elements that occur together as a rule with regard to a business-related aspect. For example, as depicted in FIG. 7, in a Purchase Order, different information regarding the purchase order, such as the type of payment 702, and payment card 704, are grouped together via the PaymentInformation package 700.

Packages also may combine different components that result in a new object. For example, as depicted in FIG. 8, the components wheels 804, motor 806, and doors 808 are combined to form a composition “Car” 802. The “Car” package 800 includes the wheels, motor and doors as well as the composition “Car.”

Another grouping within a package may be subtypes within a type. In these packages, the components are specialized forms of a generic package. For example, as depicted in FIG. 9, the components Car 904, Boat 906, and Truck 908 can be generalized by the generic term Vehicle 902 in Vehicle package 900. Vehicle in this case is the generic package 910, while Car 912, Boat 914, and Truck 916 are the specializations 918 of the generalized vehicle 910.

Packages also may be used to represent hierarchy levels. For example, as depicted in FIG. 10, the Item Package 1000 includes Item 1002 with subitem xxx 1004, subitem yyy 1006, and subitem zzz 1008.

Packages can be represented in the XML schema as a comment. One advantage of this grouping is that the document structure is easier to read and is more understandable. The names of these packages are assigned by including the object name in brackets with the suffix “Package.” For example, as depicted in FIG. 11, Party package 1100 is enclosed by

<PartyPackage> 1102 and </PartyPackage> 1104. Party package 1100 illustratively includes a Buyer Party 1106, identified by <BuyerParty> 1108 and </BuyerParty> 1110, and a Seller Party 1112, identified by <SellerParty> 1114 and </SellerParty>, etc.

d) Relationships

Relationships describe the interdependencies of the entities in the business object model, and are thus an integral part of the business object model.

(1) Cardinality of Relationships

FIG. 12 depicts a graphical representation of the cardinalities between two entities. The cardinality between a first entity and a second entity identifies the number of second entities that could possibly exist for each first entity. Thus, a 1:c cardinality 1200 between entities A 1202 and X 1204 indicates that for each entity A 1202, there is either one or zero 1206 entity X 1204. A 1:1 cardinality 1208 between entities A 1210 and X 1212 indicates that for each entity A 1210, there is exactly one 1214 entity X 1212. A 1:n cardinality 1216 between entities A 1218 and X 1220 indicates that for each entity A 1218, there are one or more 1222 entity Xs 1220. A 1:cn cardinality 1224 between entities A 1226 and X 1228 indicates that for each entity A 1226, there are any number 1230 of entity Xs 1228 (i.e., 0 through n Xs for each A).

(2) Types of Relationships

(a) Composition

A composition or hierarchical relationship type is a strong whole-part relationship which is used to describe the structure within an object. The parts, or dependent entities, represent a semantic refinement or partition of the whole, or less dependent entity. For example, as depicted in FIG. 13, the components 1302, wheels 1304, and doors 1306 may be combined to form the composite 1300 “Car” 1308 using the composition 1310. FIG. 14 depicts a graphical representation of the composition 1410 between composite Car 1408 and components wheel 1404 and door 1406.

(b) Aggregation

An aggregation or an aggregating relationship type is a weak whole-part relationship between two objects. The dependent object is created by the combination of one or several less dependent objects. For example, as depicted in FIG. 15, the properties of a competitor product 1500 are determined by a product 1502 and a competitor 1504. A hierarchical relationship 1506 exists between the product 1502 and the competitor product 1500 because the competitor product 1500 is a component of the product 1502. Therefore, the values of the attributes of the competitor product 1500 are determined by the product 1502. An aggregating relationship 1508 exists between the competitor 1504 and the competitor product 1500 because the competitor product 1500 is differentiated by the competitor 1504. Therefore the values of the attributes of the competitor product 1500 are determined by the competitor 1504.

(c) Association

An association or a referential relationship type describes a relationship between two objects in which the dependent object refers to the less dependent object. For example, as depicted in FIG. 16, a person 1600 has a nationality, and thus, has a reference to its country 1602 of origin. There is an association 1604 between the country 1602 and the person 1600. The values of the attributes of the person 1600 are not determined by the country 1602.

(3) Specialization

Entity types may be divided into subtypes based on characteristics of the entity types. For example, FIG. 17 depicts an entity type “vehicle” 1700 specialized 1702 into subtypes “truck” 1704, “car” 1706, and “ship” 1708. These subtypes represent different aspects or the diversity of the entity type.

Subtypes may be defined based on related attributes. For example, although ships and cars are both vehicles, ships have an attribute, “draft,” that is not found in cars. Subtypes also may be defined based on certain methods that can be applied to entities of this subtype and that modify such entities. For example, “drop anchor” can be applied to ships. If outgoing relationships to a specific object are restricted to a subset, then a subtype can be defined which reflects this subset.

As depicted in FIG. 18, specializations may further be characterized as complete specializations 1800 or incomplete specializations 1802. There is a complete specialization 1800 where each entity of the generalized type belongs to at least one subtype. With an incomplete specialization 1802, there is at least one entity that does not belong to a subtype. Specializations also may be disjoint 1804 or nondisjoint 1806. In a disjoint specialization 1804, each entity of the generalized type belongs to a maximum of one subtype. With a nondisjoint specialization 1806, one entity may belong to more than one subtype. As depicted in FIG. 18, four specialization categories result from the combination of the specialization characteristics.

e) Structural Patterns

(1) Item

An item is an entity type which groups together features of another entity type. Thus, the features for the entity type chart of accounts are grouped together to form the entity type chart of accounts item. For example, a chart of accounts item is a category of values or value flows that can be recorded or represented in amounts of money in accounting, while a chart of accounts is a superordinate list of categories of values or value flows that is defined in accounting.

The cardinality between an entity type and its item is often either 1:n or 1:cn. For example, in the case of the entity type chart of accounts, there is a hierarchical relationship of the cardinality 1:n with the entity type chart of accounts item since a chart of accounts has at least one item in all cases.

(2) Hierarchy

A hierarchy describes the assignment of subordinate entities to superordinate entities and vice versa, where several entities of the same type are subordinate entities that have, at most, one directly superordinate entity. For example, in the hierarchy depicted in FIG. 19, entity B 1902 is subordinate to entity A 1900, resulting in the relationship (A,B) 1912. Similarly, entity C 1904 is subordinate to entity A 1900, resulting in the relationship (A,C) 1914. Entity D 1906 and entity E 1908 are subordinate to entity B 1902, resulting in the relationships (B,D) 1916 and (B,E) 1918, respectively. Entity F 1910 is subordinate to entity C 1904, resulting in the relationship (C,F) 1920.

Because each entity has at most one superordinate entity, the cardinality between a subordinate entity and its superordinate entity is 1:c. Similarly, each entity may have 0, 1 or many subordinate entities. Thus, the cardinality between a superordinate entity and its subordinate entity is 1:cn. FIG. 20 depicts a graphical representation of a Closing Report Structure Item hierarchy 2000 for a Closing Report Structure Item 2002. The hierarchy illustrates the 1:c cardinality 2004 between a subordinate entity and its superordinate entity, and the 1:cn cardinality 2006 between a superordinate entity and its subordinate entity.

3. Creation of the Business Object Model

FIGS. 21A-B depict the steps performed using methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein to create a business object model. Although some steps are described as being performed by a computer, these steps may alternatively be performed manually, or computer-assisted, or any combination thereof. Likewise, although some steps are described as being performed by a computer, these steps may also be computer-assisted, or performed manually, or any combination thereof.

As discussed above, the designers create message choreographies that specify the sequence of messages between business entities during a transaction. After identifying the messages, the developers identify the fields contained in one of the messages (step 2100, FIG. 21A). The designers then determine whether each field relates to administrative data or is part of the object (step 2102). Thus, the first eleven fields identified below in the left column are related to administrative data, while the remaining fields are part of the object.

MessageID Admin ReferenceID CreationDate SenderID AdditionalSenderID ContactPersonID SenderAddress RecipientID AdditionalRecipientID ContactPersonID RecipientAddress ID Main Object AdditionalID PostingDate LastChangeDate AcceptanceStatus Note CompleteTransmission Indicator Buyer BuyerOrganisationName Person Name FunctionalTitle DepartmentName CountryCode StreetPostalCode POBox Postal Code Company Postal Code City Name DistrictName PO Box ID PO Box Indicator PO Box Country Code PO Box Region Code PO Box City Name Street Name House ID Building ID Floor ID Room ID Care Of Name AddressDescription Telefonnumber MobileNumber Facsimile Email Seller SellerAddress Location LocationType DeliveryItemGroupID DeliveryPriority DeliveryCondition TransferLocation NumberofPartialDelivery QuantityTolerance MaximumLeadTime TransportServiceLevel TranportCondition TransportDescription CashDiscountTerms PaymentForm PaymentCardID PaymentCardReferenceID SequenceID Holder ExpirationDate AttachmentID AttachmentFilename DescriptionofMessage ConfirmationDescriptionof Message FollowUpActivity ItemID ParentItemID HierarchyType ProductID ProductType ProductNote ProductCategoryID Amount BaseQuantity ConfirmedAmount ConfirmedBaseQuantity ItemBuyer ItemBuyerOrganisationName Person Name FunctionalTitle DepartmentName CountryCode StreetPostalCode POBox Postal Code Company Postal Code City Name DistrictName PO Box ID PO Box Indicator PO Box Country Code PO Box Region Code PO Box City Name Street Name House ID Building ID Floor ID Room ID Care Of Name AddressDescription Telefonnumber MobilNumber Facsimile Email ItemSeller ItemSellerAddress ItemLocation ItemLocationType ItemDeliveryItemGroupID ItemDeliveryPriority ItemDeliveryCondition ItemTransferLocation ItemNumberofPartialDelivery ItemQuantityTolerance ItemMaximumLeadTime ItemTransportServiceLevel ItemTranportCondition ItemTransportDescription ContractReference QuoteReference CatalogueReference ItemAttachmentID ItemAttachmentFilename ItemDescription ScheduleLineID DeliveryPeriod Quantity ConfirmedScheduleLineID ConfirmedDeliveryPeriod ConfirmedQuantity

Next, the designers determine the proper name for the object according to the ISO 11179 naming standards (step 2104). In the example above, the proper name for the “Main Object” is “Purchase Order.” After naming the object, the system that is creating the business object model determines whether the object already exists in the business object model (step 2106). If the object already exists, the system integrates new attributes from the message into the existing object (step 2108), and the process is complete.

If at step 2106 the system determines that the object does not exist in the business object model, the designers model the internal object structure (step 2110). To model the internal structure, the designers define the components. For the above example, the designers may define the components identified below.

ID Purchase AdditionalID Order PostingDate LastChangeDate AcceptanceStatus Note CompleteTransmission Indicator Buyer Buyer BuyerOrganisationName Person Name FunctionalTitle DepartmentName CountryCode StreetPostalCode POBox Postal Code Company Postal Code City Name DistrictName PO Box ID PO Box Indicator PO Box Country Code PO Box Region Code PO Box City Name Street Name House ID Building ID Floor ID Room ID Care Of Name AddressDescription Telefonnumber MobileNumber Facsimile Email Seller Seller SellerAddress Location Location LocationType DeliveryItemGroupID Delivery- DeliveryPriority Terms DeliveryCondition TransferLocation NumberofPartialDelivery QuantityTolerance MaximumLeadTime TransportServiceLevel TranportCondition TransportDescription CashDiscountTerms PaymentForm Payment PaymentCardID PaymentCardReferenceID SequenceID Holder ExpirationDate AttachmentID AttachmentFilename DescriptionofMessage ConfirmationDescriptionof Message FollowUpActivity ItemID Purchase ParentItemID Order HierarchyType Item ProductID Product ProductType ProductNote ProductCategoryID ProductCategory Amount BaseQuantity ConfirmedAmount ConfirmedBaseQuantity ItemBuyer Buyer ItemBuyerOrganisation Name Person Name FunctionalTitle DepartmentName CountryCode StreetPostalCode POBox Postal Code Company Postal Code City Name DistrictName PO Box ID PO Box Indicator PO Box Country Code PO Box Region Code PO Box City Name Street Name House ID Building ID Floor ID Room ID Care Of Name AddressDescription Telefonnumber MobilNumber Facsimile Email ItemSeller Seller ItemSellerAddress ItemLocation Location ItemLocationType ItemDeliveryItemGroupID ItemDeliveryPriority ItemDeliveryCondition ItemTransferLocation ItemNumberofPartial Delivery ItemQuantityTolerance ItemMaximumLeadTime ItemTransportServiceLevel ItemTranportCondition ItemTransportDescription ContractReference Contract QuoteReference Quote CatalogueReference Catalogue ItemAttachmentID ItemAttachmentFilename ItemDescription ScheduleLineID DeliveryPeriod Quantity ConfirmedScheduleLineID ConfirmedDeliveryPeriod ConfirmedQuantity

During the step of modeling the internal structure, the designers also model the complete internal structure by identifying the compositions of the components and the corresponding cardinalities, as shown below.

PurchaseOrder 1 Buyer 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 ContactPerson 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 Seller 0 . . . 1 Location 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 DeliveryTerms 0 . . . 1 Incoterms 0 . . . 1 PartialDelivery 0 . . . 1 QuantityTolerance 0 . . . 1 Transport 0 . . . 1 CashDiscount 0 . . . 1 Terms MaximumCashDiscount 0 . . . 1 NormalCashDiscount 0 . . . 1 PaymentForm 0 . . . 1 PaymentCard 0 . . . 1 Attachment 0 . . . n Description 0 . . . 1 Confirmation 0 . . . 1 Description Item 0 . . . n HierarchyRelationship 0 . . . 1 Product 0 . . . 1 ProductCategory 0 . . . 1 Price 0 . . . 1 NetunitPrice 0 . . . 1 ConfirmedPrice 0 . . . 1 NetunitPrice 0 . . . 1 Buyer 0 . . . 1 Seller 0 . . . 1 Location 0 . . . 1 DeliveryTerms 0 . . . 1 Attachment 0 . . . n Description 0 . . . 1 ConfirmationDescription 0 . . . 1 ScheduleLine 0 . . . n DeliveryPeriod 1 ConfirmedScheduleLine 0 . . . n

After modeling the internal object structure, the developers identify the subtypes and generalizations for all objects and components (step 2112). For example, the Purchase Order may have subtypes Purchase Order Update, Purchase Order Cancellation and Purchase Order Information. Purchase Order Update may include Purchase Order Request, Purchase Order Change, and Purchase Order Confirmation. Moreover, Party may be identified as the generalization of Buyer and Seller. The subtypes and generalizations for the above example are shown below.

Purchase 1 Order PurchaseOrder Update PurchaseOrder Request PurchaseOrder Change PurchaseOrder Confirmation PurchaseOrder Cancellation PurchaseOrder Information Party BuyerParty 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 ContactPerson 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 SellerParty 0 . . . 1 Location ShipToLocation 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 ShipFromLocation 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 DeliveryTerms 0 . . . 1 Incoterms 0 . . . 1 PartialDelivery 0 . . . 1 QuantityTolerance 0 . . . 1 Transport 0 . . . 1 CashDiscount 0 . . . 1 Terms MaximumCash Discount 0 . . . 1 NormalCashDiscount 0 . . . 1 PaymentForm 0 . . . 1 PaymentCard 0 . . . 1 Attachment 0 . . . n Description 0 . . . 1 Confirmation 0 . . . 1 Description Item 0 . . . n HierarchyRelationship 0 . . . 1 Product 0 . . . 1 ProductCategory 0 . . . 1 Price 0 . . . 1 NetunitPrice 0 . . . 1 ConfirmedPrice 0 . . . 1 NetunitPrice 0 . . . 1 Party BuyerParty 0 . . . 1 SellerParty 0 . . . 1 Location ShipTo 0 . . . 1 Location ShipFrom 0 . . . 1 Location DeliveryTerms 0 . . . 1 Attachment 0 . . . n Description 0 . . . 1 Confirmation 0 . . . 1 Description ScheduleLine 0 . . . n Delivery 1 Period ConfirmedScheduleLine 0 . . . n

After identifying the subtypes and generalizations, the developers assign the attributes to these components (step 2114). The attributes for a portion of the components are shown below.

Purchase 1 Order ID 1 SellerID 0 . . . 1 BuyerPosting 0 . . . 1 DateTime BuyerLast 0 . . . 1 ChangeDate Time SellerPosting 0 . . . 1 DateTime SellerLast 0 . . . 1 ChangeDate Time Acceptance 0 . . . 1 StatusCode Note 0 . . . 1 ItemList 0 . . . 1 Complete Transmission Indicator BuyerParty 0 . . . 1 StandardID 0 . . . n BuyerID 0 . . . 1 SellerID 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 ContactPerson 0 . . . 1 BuyerID 0 . . . 1 SellerID 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 SellerParty 0 . . . 1 Product 0 . . . 1 RecipientParty VendorParty 0 . . . 1 Manufacturer 0 . . . 1 Party BillToParty 0 . . . 1 PayerParty 0 . . . 1 CarrierParty 0 . . . 1 ShipTo 0 . . . 1 Location StandardID 0 . . . n BuyerID 0 . . . 1 SellerID 0 . . . 1 Address 0 . . . 1 ShipFrom 0 . . . 1 Location

The system then determines whether the component is one of the object nodes in the business object model (step 2116, FIG. 21B). If the system determines that the component is one of the object nodes in the business object model, the system integrates a reference to the corresponding object node from the business object model into the object (step 2118). In the above example, the system integrates the reference to the Buyer party represented by an ID and the reference to the ShipToLocation represented by an into the object, as shown below. The attributes that were formerly located in the PurchaseOrder object are now assigned to the new found object party. Thus, the attributes are removed from the PurchaseOrder object.

PurchaseOrder ID SellerID BuyerPostingDateTime BuyerLastChangeDateTime SellerPostingDateTime SellerLastChangeDateTime AcceptanceStatusCode Note ItemListComplete TransmissionIndicator BuyerParty ID SellerParty ProductRecipientParty VendorParty ManufacturerParty BillToParty PayerParty CarrierParty ShipToLocation ID ShipFromLocation

During the integration step, the designers classify the relationship (i.e., aggregation or association) between the object node and the object being integrated into the business object model. The system also integrates the new attributes into the object node (step 2120). If at step 2116, the system determines that the component is not in the business object model, the system adds the component to the business object model (step 2122).

Regardless of whether the component was in the business object model at step 2116, the next step in creating the business object model is to add the integrity rules (step 2124). There are several levels of integrity rules and constraints which should be described. These levels include consistency rules between attributes, consistency rules between components, and consistency rules to other objects. Next, the designers determine the services offered, which can be accessed via interfaces (step 2126). The services offered in the example above include PurchaseOrderCreateRequest, PurchaseOrderCancellationRequest, and PurchaseOrderReleaseRequest. The system then receives an indication of the location for the object in the business object model (step 2128). After receiving the indication of the location, the system integrates the object into the business object model (step 2130).

4. Structure of the Business Object Model

The business object model, which serves as the basis for the process of generating consistent interfaces, includes the elements contained within the interfaces. These elements are arranged in a hierarchical structure within the business object model.

5. Interfaces Derived from Business Object Model

Interfaces are the starting point of the communication between two business entities. The structure of each interface determines how one business entity communicates with another business entity. The business entities may act as a unified whole when, based on the business scenario, the business entities know what an interface contains from a business perspective and how to fill the individual elements or fields of the interface. As illustrated in FIG. 27A, communication between components takes place via messages that contain business documents (e.g., business document 27002). The business document 27002 ensures a holistic business-related understanding for the recipient of the message. The business documents are created and accepted or consumed by interfaces, specifically by inbound and outbound interfaces. The interface structure and, hence, the structure of the business document are derived by a mapping rule. This mapping rule is known as “hierarchization.” An interface structure thus has a hierarchical structure created based on the leading business object 27000. The interface represents a usage-specific, hierarchical view of the underlying usage-neutral object model.

As illustrated in FIG. 27B, several business document objects 27006, 27008, and 27010 as overlapping views may be derived for a given leading object 27004. Each business document object results from the object model by hierarchization.

To illustrate the hierarchization process, FIG. 27C depicts an example of an object model 27012 (i.e., a portion of the business object model) that is used to derive a service operation signature (business document object structure). As depicted, leading object X 27014 in the object model 27012 is integrated in a net of object A 27016, object B 27018, and object C 27020. Initially, the parts of the leading object 27014 that are required for the business object document are adopted. In one variation, all parts required for a business document object are adopted from leading object 27014 (making such an operation a maximal service operation). Based on these parts, the relationships to the superordinate objects (i.e., objects A, B, and C from which object X depends) are inverted. In other words, these objects are adopted as dependent or subordinate objects in the new business document object.

For example, object A 27016, object B 27018, and object C 27020 have information that characterize object X. Because object A 27016, object B 27018, and object C 27020 are superordinate to leading object X 27014, the dependencies of these relationships change so that object A 27016, object B 27018, and object C 27020 become dependent and subordinate to leading object X 27014. This procedure is known as “derivation of the business document object by hierarchization.”

Business-related objects generally have an internal structure (parts). This structure can be complex and reflect the individual parts of an object and their mutual dependency. When creating the operation signature, the internal structure of an object is strictly hierarchized. Thus, dependent parts keep their dependency structure, and relationships between the parts within the object that do not represent the hierarchical structure are resolved by prioritizing one of the relationships.

Relationships of object X to external objects that are referenced and whose information characterizes object X are added to the operation signature. Such a structure can be quite complex (see, for example, FIG. 27D). The cardinality to these referenced objects is adopted as 1:1 or 1:C, respectively. By this, the direction of the dependency changes. The required parts of this referenced object are adopted identically, both in their cardinality and in their dependency arrangement.

The newly created business document object contains all required information, including the incorporated master data information of the referenced objects. As depicted in FIG. 27D, components Xi in leading object X 27022 are adopted directly. The relationship of object X 27022 to object A 27024, object B 27028, and object C 27026 are inverted, and the parts required by these objects are added as objects that depend from object X 27022. As depicted, all of object A 27024 is adopted. B3 and B4 are adopted from object B 27028, but B1 is not adopted. From object C 27026, C2 and C1 are adopted, but C3 is not adopted.

FIG. 27E depicts the business document object X 27030 created by this hierarchization process. As shown, the arrangement of the elements corresponds to their dependency levels, which directly leads to a corresponding representation as an XML structure 27032.

The following provides certain rules that can be adopted singly or in combination with regard to the hierarchization process. A business document object always refers to a leading business document object and is derived from this object. The name of the root entity in the business document entity is the name of the business object or the name of a specialization of the business object or the name of a service specific view onto the business object. The nodes and elements of the business object that are relevant (according to the semantics of the associated message type) are contained as entities and elements in the business document object.

The name of a business document entity is predefined by the name of the corresponding business object node. The name of the superordinate entity is not repeated in the name of the business document entity. The “full” semantic name results from the concatenation of the entity names along the hierarchical structure of the business document object.

The structure of the business document object is, except for deviations due to hierarchization, the same as the structure of the business object. The cardinalities of the business document object nodes and elements are adopted identically or more restrictively to the business document object. An object from which the leading business object is dependent can be adopted to the business document object. For this arrangement, the relationship is inverted, and the object (or its parts, respectively) are hierarchically subordinated in the business document object.

Nodes in the business object representing generalized business information can be adopted as explicit entities to the business document object (generally speaking, multiply TypeCodes out). When this adoption occurs, the entities are named according to their more specific semantic (name of TypeCode becomes prefix). Party nodes of the business object are modeled as explicit entities for each party role in the business document object. These nodes are given the name <Prefix><Party Role>Party, for example, BuyerParty, ItemBuyerParty. BTDReference nodes are modeled as separate entities for each reference type in the business document object. These nodes are given the name <Qualifier><BO><Node>Reference, for example SalesOrderReference, OriginSalesOrderReference, SalesOrderltemReference. A product node in the business object comprises all of the information on the Product, ProductCategory, and Batch. This information is modeled in the business document object as explicit entities for Product, ProductCategory, and Batch.

Entities which are connected by a 1:1 relationship as a result of hierarchization can be combined to a single entity, if they are semantically equivalent. Such a combination can often occurs if a node in the business document object that results from an assignment node is removed because it does not have any elements.

The message type structure is typed with data types. Elements are typed by GDTs according to their business objects. Aggregated levels are typed with message type specific data types (Intermediate Data Types), with their names being built according to the corresponding paths in the message type structure. The whole message type structured is typed by a message data type with its name being built according to the root entity with the suffix “Message”. For the message type, the message category (e.g., information, notification, query, response, request, confirmation, etc.) is specified according to the suited transaction communication pattern.

In one variation, the derivation by hierarchization can be initiated by specifying a leading business object and a desired view relevant for a selected service operation. This view determines the business document object. The leading business object can be the source object, the target object, or a third object. Thereafter, the parts of the business object required for the view are determined. The parts are connected to the root node via a valid path along the hierarchy. Thereafter, one or more independent objects (object parts, respectively) referenced by the leading object which are relevant for the service may be determined (provided that a relationship exists between the leading object and the one or more independent objects).

Once the selection is finalized, relevant nodes of the leading object node that are structurally identical to the message type structure can then be adopted. If nodes are adopted from independent objects or object parts, the relationships to such independent objects or object parts are inverted. Linearization can occur such that a business object node containing certain TypeCodes is represented in the message type structure by explicit entities (an entity for each value of the TypeCode). The structure can be reduced by checking all 1:1 cardinalities in the message type structure. Entities can be combined if they are semantically equivalent, one of the entities carries no elements, or an entity solely results from an n:m assignment in the business object.

After the hierarchization is completed, information regarding transmission of the business document object (e.g., CompleteTransmissionIndicator, ActionCodes, message category, etc.) can be added. A standardized message header can be added to the message type structure and the message structure can be typed. Additionally, the message category for the message type can be designated.

Invoice Request and Invoice Confirmation are examples of interfaces. These invoice interfaces are used to exchange invoices and invoice confirmations between an invoicing party and an invoice recipient (such as between a seller and a buyer) in a B2B process. Companies can create invoices in electronic as well as in paper form. Traditional methods of communication, such as mail or fax, for invoicing are cost intensive, prone to error, and relatively slow, since the data is recorded manually. Electronic communication eliminates such problems. The motivating business scenarios for the Invoice Request and Invoice Confirmation interfaces are the Procure to Stock (PTS) and Sell from Stock (SFS) scenarios. In the PTS scenario, the parties use invoice interfaces to purchase and settle goods. In the SFS scenario, the parties use invoice interfaces to sell and invoice goods. The invoice interfaces directly integrate the applications implementing them and also form the basis for mapping data to widely-used XML standard formats such as RosettaNet, PIDX, xCBL, and CIDX.

The invoicing party may use two different messages to map a B2B invoicing process: (1) the invoicing party sends the message type InvoiceRequest to the invoice recipient to start a new invoicing process; and (2) the invoice recipient sends the message type InvoiceConfirmation to the invoicing party to confirm or reject an entire invoice or to temporarily assign it the status “pending.”

An InvoiceRequest is a legally binding notification of claims or liabilities for delivered goods and rendered services—usually, a payment request for the particular goods and services. The message type InvoiceRequest is based on the message data type InvoiceMessage. The InvoiceRequest message (as defined) transfers invoices in the broader sense. This includes the specific invoice (request to settle a liability), the debit memo, and the credit memo.

InvoiceConfirmation is a response sent by the recipient to the invoicing party confirming or rejecting the entire invoice received or stating that it has been assigned temporarily the status “pending.” The message type InvoiceConfirmation is based on the message data type InvoiceMessage. An InvoiceConfirmation is not mandatory in a B2B invoicing process, however, it automates collaborative processes and dispute management.

Usually, the invoice is created after it has been confirmed that the goods were delivered or the service was provided. The invoicing party (such as the seller) starts the invoicing process by sending an InvoiceRequest message. Upon receiving the InvoiceRequest message, the invoice recipient (for instance, the buyer) can use the InvoiceConfirmation message to completely accept or reject the invoice received or to temporarily assign it the status “pending.” The InvoiceConfirmation is not a negotiation tool (as is the case in order management), since the options available are either to accept or reject the entire invoice. The invoice data in the InvoiceConfirmation message merely confirms that the invoice has been forwarded correctly and does not communicate any desired changes to the invoice. Therefore, the InvoiceConfirmation includes the precise invoice data that the invoice recipient received and checked. If the invoice recipient rejects an invoice, the invoicing party can send a new invoice after checking the reason for rejection (AcceptanceStatus and ConfirmationDescription at Invoice and InvoiceItem level). If the invoice recipient does not respond, the invoice is generally regarded as being accepted and the invoicing party can expect payment.

FIGS. 22A-F depict a flow diagram of the steps performed by methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein to generate an interface from the business object model. Although described as being performed by a computer, these steps may alternatively be performed manually, or using any combination thereof. The process begins when the system receives an indication of a package template from the designer, i.e., the designer provides a package template to the system (step 2200).

Package templates specify the arrangement of packages within a business transaction document. Package templates are used to define the overall structure of the messages sent between business entities. Methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein use package templates in conjunction with the business object model to derive the interfaces.

The system also receives an indication of the message type from the designer (step 2202). The system selects a package from the package template (step 2204), and receives an indication from the designer whether the package is required for the interface (step 2206). If the package is not required for the interface, the system removes the package from the package template (step 2208). The system then continues this analysis for the remaining packages within the package template (step 2210).

If, at step 2206, the package is required for the interface, the system copies the entity template from the package in the business object model into the package in the package template (step 2212, FIG. 22B). The system determines whether there is a specialization in the entity template (step 2214). If the system determines that there is a specialization in the entity template, the system selects a subtype for the specialization (step 2216). The system may either select the subtype for the specialization based on the message type, or it may receive this information from the designer. The system then determines whether there are any other specializations in the entity template (step 2214). When the system determines that there are no specializations in the entity template, the system continues this analysis for the remaining packages within the package template (step 2210, FIG. 22A).

At step 2210, after the system completes its analysis for the packages within the package template, the system selects one of the packages remaining in the package template (step 2218, FIG. 22C), and selects an entity from the package (step 2220). The system receives an indication from the designer whether the entity is required for the interface (step 2222). If the entity is not required for the interface, the system removes the entity from the package template (step 2224). The system then continues this analysis for the remaining entities within the package (step 2226), and for the remaining packages within the package template (step 2228).

If, at step 2222, the entity is required for the interface, the system retrieves the cardinality between a superordinate entity and the entity from the business object model (step 2230, FIG. 22D). The system also receives an indication of the cardinality between the superordinate entity and the entity from the designer (step 2232). The system then determines whether the received cardinality is a subset of the business object model cardinality (step 2234). If the received cardinality is not a subset of the business object model cardinality, the system sends an error message to the designer (step 2236). If the received cardinality is a subset of the business object model cardinality, the system assigns the received cardinality as the cardinality between the superordinate entity and the entity (step 2238). The system then continues this analysis for the remaining entities within the package (step 2226, FIG. 22C), and for the remaining packages within the package template (step 2228).

The system then selects a leading object from the package template (step 2240, FIG. 22E). The system determines whether there is an entity superordinate to the leading object (step 2242). If the system determines that there is an entity superordinate to the leading object, the system reverses the direction of the dependency (step 2244) and adjusts the cardinality between the leading object and the entity (step 2246). The system performs this analysis for entities that are superordinate to the leading object (step 2242). If the system determines that there are no entities superordinate to the leading object, the system identifies the leading object as analyzed (step 2248).

The system then selects an entity that is subordinate to the leading object (step 2250, FIG. 22F). The system determines whether any non-analyzed entities are superordinate to the selected entity (step 2252). If a non-analyzed entity is superordinate to the selected entity, the system reverses the direction of the dependency (step 2254) and adjusts the cardinality between the selected entity and the non-analyzed entity (step 2256). The system performs this analysis for non-analyzed entities that are superordinate to the selected entity (step 2252). If the system determines that there are no non-analyzed entities superordinate to the selected entity, the system identifies the selected entity as analyzed (step 2258), and continues this analysis for entities that are subordinate to the leading object (step 2260). After the packages have been analyzed, the system substitutes the BusinessTransactionDocument (“BTD”) in the package template with the name of the interface (step 2262). This includes the “BTD” in the BTDItem package and the “BTD” in the BTDItemScheduleLine package.

6. Use of an Interface

The XI stores the interfaces (as an interface type). At runtime, the sending party's program instantiates the interface to create a business document, and sends the business document in a message to the recipient. The messages are preferably defined using XML. In the example depicted in FIG. 23, the Buyer 2300 uses an application 2306 in its system to instantiate an interface 2308 and create an interface object or business document object 2310. The Buyer's application 2306 uses data that is in the sender's component-specific structure and fills the business document object 2310 with the data. The Buyer's application 2306 then adds message identification 2312 to the business document and places the business document into a message 2302. The Buyer's application 2306 sends the message 2302 to the Vendor 2304. The Vendor 2304 uses an application 2314 in its system to receive the message 2302 and store the business document into its own memory. The Vendor's application 2314 unpacks the message 2302 using the corresponding interface 2316 stored in its XI to obtain the relevant data from the interface object or business document object 2318.

From the component's perspective, the interface is represented by an interface proxy 2400, as depicted in FIG. 24. The proxies 2400 shield the components 2402 of the sender and recipient from the technical details of sending messages 2404 via XI. In particular, as depicted in FIG. 25, at the sending end, the Buyer 2500 uses an application 2510 in its system to call an implemented method 2512, which generates the outbound proxy 2506. The outbound proxy 2506 parses the internal data structure of the components and converts them to the XML structure in accordance with the business document object. The outbound proxy 2506 packs the document into a message 2502. Transport, routing and mapping the XML message to the recipient 28304 is done by the routing system (XI, modeling environment 516, etc.).

When the message arrives, the recipient's inbound proxy 2508 calls its component-specific method 2514 for creating a document. The proxy 2508 at the receiving end downloads the data and converts the XML structure into the internal data structure of the recipient component 2504 for further processing.

As depicted in FIG. 26A, a message 2600 includes a message header 2602 and a business document 2604. The message 2600 also may include an attachment 2606. For example, the sender may attach technical drawings, detailed specifications or pictures of a product to a purchase order for the product. The business document 2604 includes a business document message header 2608 and the business document object 2610. The business document message header 2608 includes administrative data, such as the message ID and a message description. As discussed above, the structure 2612 of the business document object 2610 is derived from the business object model 2614. Thus, there is a strong correlation between the structure of the business document object and the structure of the business object model. The business document object 2610 forms the core of the message 2600.

In collaborative processes as well as Q&A processes, messages should refer to documents from previous messages. A simple business document object ID or object ID is insufficient to identify individual messages uniquely because several versions of the same business document object can be sent during a transaction. A business document object ID with a version number also is insufficient because the same version of a business document object can be sent several times. Thus, messages require several identifiers during the course of a transaction.

As depicted in FIG. 26B, the message header 2618 in message 2616 includes a technical ID (“ID4”) 2622 that identifies the address for a computer to route the message. The sender's system manages the technical ID 2622.

The administrative information in the business document message header 2624 of the payload or business document 2620 includes a BusinessDocumentMessageID (“ID3”) 2628. The business entity or component 2632 of the business entity manages and sets the BusinessDocumentMessageID 2628. The business entity or component 2632 also can refer to other business documents using the BusinessDocumentMessageID 2628. The receiving component 2632 requires no knowledge regarding the structure of this ID. The BusinessDocumentMessageID 2628 is, as an ID, unique. Creation of a message refers to a point in time. No versioning is typically expressed by the ID. Besides the BusinessDocumentMessageID 2628, there also is a business document object ID 2630, which may include versions.

The component 2632 also adds its own component object ID 2634 when the business document object is stored in the component. The component object ID 2634 identifies the business document object when it is stored within the component. However, not all communication partners may be aware of the internal structure of the component object ID 2634. Some components also may include a versioning in their ID 2634.

7. Use of Interfaces Across Industries

Methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein provide interfaces that may be used across different business areas for different industries. Indeed, the interfaces derived using methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein may be mapped onto the interfaces of different industry standards. Unlike the interfaces provided by any given standard that do not include the interfaces required by other standards, methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein provide a set of consistent interfaces that correspond to the interfaces provided by different industry standards. Due to the different fields provided by each standard, the interface from one standard does not easily map onto another standard. By comparison, to map onto the different industry standards, the interfaces derived using methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein include most of the fields provided by the interfaces of different industry standards. Missing fields may easily be included into the business object model. Thus, by derivation, the interfaces can be extended consistently by these fields. Thus, methods and systems consistent with the subject matter described herein provide consistent interfaces or services that can be used across different industry standards.

For example, FIG. 28 illustrates an example method 2800 for service enabling. In this example, the enterprise services infrastructure may offer one common and standard-based service infrastructure. Further, one central enterprise services repository may support uniform service definition, implementation and usage of services for user interface, and cross-application communication. In step 2801, a business object is defined via a process component model in a process modeling phase. Next, in step 2802, the business object is designed within an enterprise services repository. For example, FIG. 29 provides a graphical representation of one of the business objects 2900. As shown, an innermost layer or kernel 2901 of the business object may represent the business object's inherent data. Inherent data may include, for example, an employee's name, age, status, position, address, etc. A second layer 2902 may be considered the business object's logic. Thus, the layer 2902 includes the rules for consistently embedding the business object in a system environment as well as constraints defining values and domains applicable to the business object. For example, one such constraint may limit sale of an item only to a customer with whom a company has a business relationship. A third layer 2903 includes validation options for accessing the business object. For example, the third layer 2903 defines the business object's interface that may be interfaced by other business objects or applications. A fourth layer 2904 is the access layer that defines technologies that may externally access the business object.

Accordingly, the third layer 2903 separates the inherent data of the first layer 2901 and the technologies used to access the inherent data. As a result of the described structure, the business object reveals only an interface that includes a set of clearly defined methods. Thus, applications access the business object via those defined methods. An application wanting access to the business object and the data associated therewith usually includes the information or data to execute the clearly defined methods of the business object's interface. Such clearly defined methods of the business object's interface represent the business object's behavior. That is, when the methods are executed, the methods may change the business object's data. Therefore, an application may utilize any business object by providing the information or data without having any concern for the details related to the internal operation of the business object. Returning to method 2800, a service provider class and data dictionary elements are generated within a development environment at step 2803. In step 2804, the service provider class is implemented within the development environment.

FIG. 30 illustrates an example method 3000 for a process agent framework. For example, the process agent framework may be the basic infrastructure to integrate business processes located in different deployment units. It may support a loose coupling of these processes by message based integration. A process agent may encapsulate the process integration logic and separate it from business logic of business objects. As shown in FIG. 30, an integration scenario and a process component interaction model are defined during a process modeling phase in step 3001. In step 3002, required interface operations and process agents are identified during the process modeling phase also. Next, in step 3003, a service interface, service interface operations, and the related process agent are created within an enterprise services repository as defined in the process modeling phase. In step 3004, a proxy class for the service interface is generated. Next, in step 3005, a process agent class is created and the process agent is registered. In step 3006, the agent class is implemented within a development environment.

FIG. 31 illustrates an example method 3100 for status and action management (S&AM). For example, status and action management may describe the life cycle of a business object (node) by defining actions and statuses (as their result) of the business object (node), as well as, the constraints that the statuses put on the actions. In step 3101, the status and action management schemas are modeled per a relevant business object node within an enterprise services repository. In step 3102, existing statuses and actions from the business object model are used or new statuses and actions are created. Next, in step 3103, the schemas are simulated to verify correctness and completeness. In step 3104, missing actions, statuses, and derivations are created in the business object model with the enterprise services repository. Continuing with method 3100, the statuses are related to corresponding elements in the node in step 3105. In step 3106, status code GDT's are generated, including constants and code list providers. Next, in step 3107, a proxy class for a business object service provider is generated and the proxy class S&AM schemas are imported. In step 3108, the service provider is implemented and the status and action management runtime interface is called from the actions.

Regardless of the particular hardware or software architecture used, the disclosed systems or software are generally capable of implementing business objects and deriving (or otherwise utilizing) consistent interfaces that are suitable for use across industries, across businesses, and across different departments within a business in accordance with some or all of the following description. In short, system 100 contemplates using any appropriate combination and arrangement of logical elements to implement some or all of the described functionality.

Moreover, the preceding flowcharts and accompanying description illustrate example methods. The present services environment contemplates using or implementing any suitable technique for performing these and other tasks. It will be understood that these methods are for illustration purposes only and that the described or similar techniques may be performed at any appropriate time, including concurrently, individually, or in combination. In addition, many of the steps in these flowcharts may take place simultaneously and/or in different orders than as shown. Moreover, the services environment may use methods with additional steps, fewer steps, and/or different steps, so long as the methods remain appropriate.

FIG. 32 illustrates an example object model for an Address Snapshot business object 32000. Specifically, the object model depicts interactions among various components of the Address Snapshot business object 32000, as well as external components that interact with the Address Snapshot business object 32000 (shown here as 32002 and 32026). The Address Snapshot business object 32000 includes elements 32004 through 32024 that can be hierarchical, as depicted. For example, Address Snapshot entity 32004 hierarchically includes zero or more Name entities 32006, zero or more Display Name entities 32008, zero or more Postal Address entities 32010, zero or more Formatted Address entities 32012, zero or more Telephone entities 32014, zero or more Facsimile entities 32016, zero or more Email entities 32018, zero or more Web entities 32020, one or more Communication Preference entities 32022, and one or more Overview entities 32024. Some or all of the entities 32004 through 32024 can correspond to packages and/or entities in the message data types described below.

The business object Address Snapshot is a snapshot of an address and of a name of either a party or a location at a point in time. The Address Snapshot business object belongs to the process component Address Data Management. The Address Snapshot business object belongs to the deployment unit Foundation. An AddressSnapshot can be taken from an address and name of: 1) a master data object representing a party or location (e.g., Business Partner, Company, Location); 2) a party/location used within a business transaction document (e.g., Sales Order); or 3) a party/location used within a master data object (e.g., Installation Point). For master data objects, address snapshots can be created from a dependent object address whenever content is changed. For document-associated objects, instead of copying address data from a master data object, a reference to the master data address snapshot can be used if the address is not specific only for a document. For document-specific address information, a document object can create an address snapshot. An address snapshot can provide address data including postal address and communication data, such as for persons or organizations. An address snapshot can also provide other address-specific information, such as international address versions, a preferred method of communication, a formatted address, and display names for display in user interfaces. The business object Address Snapshot has an object category of Master Data Object and a technical category of Standard Business Object.

The business object Address Snapshot can include a Root node. The elements located directly at the node Root are defined by the inline structure: ADSX_S_ROOT_EL. These elements include: UUID, SourceObjectNodeReference, OrdinalNumberValue, SourceValidityPeriod, SystemAdministrativeData, and SourceReferenceKey. UUID may be optional, may be an alternative key, is a globally unique identifier for an address snapshot, and may be based on datatype GDT: UUID. SourceObjectNodeReference may be optional, is a unique reference between a source object node and an address snapshot, and may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectNodeReference. An address snapshot can be created based on information in a related source object node. OrdinalNumberValue may be optional, is a number that indicates a position of an element in a linearly ordered set that is ordered according to particular factors, and may be based on datatype GDT: OrdinalNumberValue. SourceValidityPeriod may be optional, is a period of time during which an address snapshot is a valid representation of an address of a source object, and may be based on datatype GDT: UPPEROPEN_GLOBAL_DateTimePeriod. SystemAdministrativeData may be optional, and is a collection of administrative data recorded by a system that identifies a user who created a node, a user who last changed the node, and the date and time of the creation and the last change. SystemAdministrativeData may be based on datatype GDT: SystemAdministrativeData. SourceReferenceKey may be optional, may be an alternative key, is a grouping of elements that uniquely identifies an address snapshot by a source object node reference and an ordinal number value, and may be based on datatype KDT: AddressSnapshotSourceReferenceKey. SourceReferenceKey can include SourceReferenceKey/SourceObjectNodeReference, which may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectNodeReference. SourceReferenceKey can include SourceReferenceKey/OrdinalNumberValue, which may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: OrdinalNumberValue.

Composition relationships to subordinate nodes can include: Name, with a cardinality of 1:CN; and Display Name, with a cardinality of 1:CN, which may be filtered. The filter elements are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_DISPLAY_NAME_FI_EL and can include LanguageCode. LanguageCode may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: LanguageCode. Composition relationships to subordinate nodes can include: Telephone, with a cardinality of 1:CN; Facsimile, with a cardinality of 1:CN; Email, with a cardinality of 1:CN; Web, with a cardinality of 1:CN; Communication Preference, with a cardinality of 1:C; Overview, with a cardinality of 1:C; Postal Address, with a cardinality of 1:CN; and Formatted Address, with a cardinality of 1:CN, which may be filtered. The filter elements are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_FORMATTED_AD_FI_EL. These elements include AddressRepresentationCode, which may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: AddressRepresentationCode.

The following inbound association relationships may exist: CreationIdentity, from the business object Identity/node Identity, with a cardinality of 1:CN, which is a reference to an Identity that created the node; and LastChangeIdentity, from the business object Identity/node Identity, with a cardinality of 1:CN, which is a reference to an Identity that performed a last change on the node.

The following specialization associations for navigation may exist: Display Name Suitable for Logon Language, to the node Display Name, with a target cardinality of C, which is a display name that best suits a logon language; Default Email, to the node Email, with a target cardinality of C, which includes email data marked as a default; Default Facsimile, to the node Facsimile, with a target cardinality of C, which includes facsimile data marked as a default; Formatted Address Suitable for Logon Language, to the node Formatted Address, with a target cardinality of C, which is a formatted address that best suits a logon language; Name Suitable for Logon Language, to the node Name, with a target cardinality of C, which is a name that best suits a logon language; Postal Address Suitable for Logon Language, to the node Postal Address, with a target cardinality of C, which is a postal address that best suits a logon language; Default Conventional Phone, to the node Telephone, with a target cardinality of C, which includes telephone data marked as a default conventional telephone; Default Mobile Phone, with a target cardinality of C, which includes telephone data marked as a default mobile telephone; Default Web, to the node Web, with a target cardinality of C, which includes web data marked as a default; and Effective Address Snapshot, to the node Root, with a target cardinality of C, which may be filtered and which represents an address snapshot from a most current set of snapshots for a same source object node reference that is valid at a specified time. The filter elements are defined by the data type AddressSnapshotEffectiveAddressSnapshotFilterElements. These elements include ValidityDateTime, which may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: GLOBAL_DateTime.

A Destroy action destroys an object in accordance with specified data retention rules. Destruction of data can imply either physical deletion or anonymization. The Destroy action is usable for Information Lifecycle Management. A Select All query can be used to return the node IDs of all instances of the node and can be used to enable an initial load of data for a Fast Search Infrastructure.

Name is a name of either a natural person or an organization given for each alternative representation. A Name can include components, such as a form of address. The elements located directly at the node Name are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_NAME_EL. These elements include: AddressRepresentationCode and Name. AddressRepresentationCode may be optional, is a code for an address representation, and may be based on datatype GDT: AddressRepresentationCode. Name may be optional, is a word or combination of words that names an address snapshot, and may be based on datatype GDT: OrganisationName. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1. In some implementations, if an address has an associated standard representation, there is no entry for AddressRepresentationCode.

Display Name is a name as displayed in user interfaces. In some implementations, if no display name is provided, a display name can be derived from content in a Name node. The elements located directly at the node Display Name are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_DISPLAY_NAME_EL. These elements include FormattedName, which may be optional, is a name as displayed in user interfaces, such as in one line, and may be based on datatype GDT: LONG_Name. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1.

Postal Address includes postal address data of a physical location, such as street data and PO Box address data. In some implementations, there is a separate node instance for each alternative representation. The elements located directly at the node Postal Address are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_POSTAL_ADDRESS_EL. These elements include: AddressRepresentationCode, CountryCode, RegionCode, CountyName, CityName, AdditionalCityName, DistrictName, StreetPostalCode, POBoxPostalCode, CompanyPostalCode, StreetPrefixName, Additional StreetPrefixName, StreetName, StreetSuffixName, AdditionalStreetSuffixName, HouseID, AdditionalHouseID, BuildingID, RoomID, FloorID, CareOfName, POBoxDeviatingCountryCode, POBoxDeviatingRegionCode, POBoxDeviatingCityName, POBoxID, POBoxIndicator, TaxJurisdictionCode, and TimeZoneCode.

AddressRepresentationCode may be optional, is a code for an address representation, and may be based on datatype GDT: AddressRepresentationCode. CountryCode may be optional, represents a country of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: CountryCode. RegionCode may be optional, represents a region of an address, such as federal, state, or county, and may be based on datatype GDT: RegionCode. CountyName may be optional, is a county of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of County. CityName may be optional, is a city or district name of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of City. AdditionalCityName may be optional, is a place of residence if the place of residence deviates from a city of a post office associated with an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of AdditionalCity. DistrictName may be optional, is a name of a district, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of District. StreetPostalCode may be optional, is a postal code for a street address, and may be based on datatype GDT: PostalCode, with a qualifier of Street. POBoxPostalCode may be optional, is a postal code for a PO Box address, and may be based on datatype GDT: PostalCode, with a qualifier of POBox. CompanyPostalCode may be optional, is a company major customer postal code, and may be based on datatype GDT: PostalCode, with a qualifier of Company. StreetPrefixName may be optional, is an additional address field above a street, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of StreetPrefix. AdditionalStreetPrefixName may be optional, is an additional address field associated with street, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of StreetPrefix. StreetName may be optional, is a name of a street, and may be based on datatype GDT: StreetName. StreetSuffixName may be optional, is an additional address field associated with street, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of StreetSuffix. AdditionalStreetSuffixName may be optional, is another additional address field associated with street, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of StreetSuffix. HouseID may be optional, can be, for example, a house number, and may be based on datatype GDT: HouseID. AdditionalHouseID may be optional, is an addendum to a house number, and may be based on datatype GDT: HouseID, with a qualifier of Additional. BuildingID may be optional, is a building identifier, and may be based on datatype GDT: BuildingID. RoomID may be optional, can be a room number, and may be based on datatype GDT: RoomID FloorID may be optional, can be a floor number, and may be based on datatype GDT: FloorID. CareOfName may be optional, can be a part of an address, e.g., a “c/o” portion if a recipient deviates from an owner/resident and there is no obvious connection to the owner/resident name, as in a case of sub-letters, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of CareOf. POBoxDeviatingCountryCode may be optional, represents a country of a PO box address if the country deviates from a country of a street address, and may be based on datatype GDT: CountryCode, with a qualifier of Deviating. POBoxDeviatingRegionCode may be optional, represents a region of a PO box address if the region deviates from a region of a street address, and may be based on datatype GDT: RegionCode, with a qualifier of Deviating. POBoxDeviatingCityName may be optional, is a name of a town or district of a PO box address if the name deviates from the name of a town or district of a street address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of City. POBoxID may be optional, can be a PO Box number, and may be based on datatype GDT: POBoxID. POBoxIndicator may be optional, indicates whether a PO box address is maintained, can be used if a PO box number is not specified within a PO box address, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator, with a qualifier of POBox. TaxJurisdictionCode may be optional, is a tax jurisdiction code of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: TaxJurisdictionCode. TimeZoneCode may be optional, represents a time zone code of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: TimeZoneCode. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1. In some implementations, if an address is a standard representation, there are no entries for AddressRepresentationCode.

Formatted Address is a formatted address that can be in various forms. A format can have one or more lines and can be created in accordance with one or more formatting rules. The elements located directly at the node Formatted Address are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_FORMATTED_ADDRESS_EL. These elements include: AddressRepresentationCode, FormattedName, FormattedAddressDescription, FormattedPostalAddressDescription, FormattedNameAndCityAddressDescription, FormattedStreetLineDescription, FormattedAddress, FormattedPostalAddress, and ReplicationEnabledFormattedPostalAddress. AddressRepresentationCode may be optional, is a code for an address representation, and may be based on datatype GDT: AddressRepresentationCode. FormattedName may be optional, is a formatted name of person, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_LONG_Name, with a qualifier of Formatted. FormattedAddressDescription may be optional, describes a formatted address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedAddress. FormattedPostalAddressDescription may be optional, describes a formatted postal address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedPostalAddress. FormattedNameAndCityAddressDescription may be optional, describes a formatted address that includes a name and city, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedNameAndCityAddress. FormattedStreetLineDescription may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Description. FormattedAddress may be optional, is a formatted address, can include, for example, four lines, and may be based on datatype GDT: FormattedAddress. FormattedPostalAddress may be optional, is a formatted postal address, can include, for example, three lines, and may be based on datatype GDT: FormattedPostalAddress. ReplicationEnabledFormattedPostalAddress may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: ReplicationEnabledFormattedPostalAddress. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1. In some implementations, some or all of the elements of the node are read-only.

Telephone is a telephone number for an address that can include multiple components and other details. The elements located directly at the node Telephone are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_TELEPHONE_EL. These elements include: Number, FormattedNumberDescription, NormalisedNumberDescription, DefaultConventionalPhoneNumberindicator, DefaultMobilePhoneNumberindicator, UsageDeniedIndicator, MobilePhoneNumberindicator, and SMSEnabledIndicator. Number may be optional, is a telephone number, and may be based on datatype GDT: PhoneNumber. FormattedNumberDescription may be optional, is a formatted textual representation of a telephone number, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedTelephoneNumber. NormalisedNumberDescription may be optional, is a normalized representation of a telephone number, may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of NormalisedTelephoneNumber, and may be read-only. DefaultConventionalPhoneNumberindicator may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator. DefaultMobilePhoneNumberindicator may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator. UsageDeniedIndicator may be optional, specifies whether a customer or business partner may be contacted under the number represented by the node, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator, with a qualifier of Denied. MobilePhoneNumberindicator may be optional, specifies whether a telephone is a mobile telephone, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator, with a qualifier of MobilePhoneNumber. SMSEnabledIndicator may be optional, specifies whether a telephone is SMS enabled, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator, with a qualifier of Enabled. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1.

Facsimile is a fax number for an address and can include multiple components and other details. The elements located directly at the node Facsimile are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_FACSIMILE_EL. These elements include: Number, FormattedNumberDescription, NormalisedNumberDescription, DefaultIndicator, and UsageDeniedIndicator. Number may be optional, is a fax number, and may be based on datatype GDT: PhoneNumber. FormattedNumberDescription may be optional, is a formatted textual representation of a fax number, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedFacsimileNumber. NormalisedNumberDescription may be optional, is a normalized representation of a fax number, may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of NormalisedFacsimileNumber, and may be read-only. DefaultIndicator may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator. UsageDeniedIndicator may be optional, specifies whether a customer or business partner may be faxed under the fax number, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator, with a qualifier of Denied. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1.

Email is an e-mail address for an address and can include multiple components and other details. The elements located directly at the node Email are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_EMAIL_EL. These elements include: URI, NormalisedURI, DefaultIndicator, and UsageDeniedIndicator. URI may be optional, represents an E-mail address, and may be based on datatype GDT: EmailURI. NormalisedURI may be optional, is a normalized representation of an e-mail address, and may be based on datatype GDT: EmailURI. DefaultIndicator may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator. UsageDeniedIndicator may be optional, is an indicator that specifies whether a customer or business partner has specified to be contacted under the e-mail address, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator, with a qualifier of Denied. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1.

Web includes a web address for an address and can include multiple components and other details. The elements located directly at the node Web are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_WEB_EL. These elements include: URI, DefaultIndicator, and UsageDeniedIndicator. URI may be optional, is a web address, and may be based on datatype GDT: WebURI. DefaultIndicator may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator. UsageDeniedIndicator may be optional, specifies whether a customer or business partner may be contacted at the web address, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator, with a qualifier of Denied. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1.

Communication Preference indicates a correspondence language preferred for an address. The elements located directly at the node Communication Preference are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_COMM_PREFERENCE_EL. These elements include: CorrespondenceLanguageCode and PreferredCommunicationMediumTypeCode. CorrespondenceLanguageCode may be optional, is a correspondence language of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LanguageCode, with a qualifier of Correspondence. PreferredCommunicationMediumTypeCode is a communication type through which an addressee wants to be contacted, and may be based on datatype GDT: CommunicationMediumTypeCode, with a qualifier of Preferred, Communication types can include, for example, the values “FAX”, “INT”, “LET”, “TEL”, and “VIS”. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1.

Overview Transformation Node is a collection of address information. The elements located directly at the node Overview are defined by the inline structure ADSX_S_OVERVIEW_EL. These elements include: Address SnapshotUUID, FormattedName, FormattedAddressDescription, FormattedPostalAddressDescription, FormattedNameAndCityAddressDescription, FormattedStreetLineDescription, FormattedAddress, FormattedPostalAddress, CountryCode, RegionCode, CityName, StreetPostalCode, StreetName, HouseID, BuildingID, FloorID, RoomID, TaxJurisdictionCode, CorrespondenceLanguageCode, FormattedConventionalPhoneNumberDescription, NormalisedConventionalPhoneNumberDescription, FormattedMobilePhoneNumberDescription, NormalisedMobilePhoneNumberDescription, FormattedFacsimileNumberDescription, NormalisedFacsimileNumberDescription, EmailURI, and WebURI.

AddressSnapshotUUID may be optional, may be an alternative key, and may be based on datatype GDT: UUID. FormattedName may be optional, is a formatted name of a person, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_LONG_Name, with a qualifier of Formatted. FormattedAddressDescription may be optional, describes a formatted address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedAddress. FormattedPostalAddressDescription may be optional, describes a formatted postal address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedPostalAddress. FormattedNameAndCityAddressDescription may be optional, describes a formatted address that includes a name and a city, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedNameAndCityAddress. FormattedStreetLineDescription may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Description. FormattedAddress may be optional, is a formatted address, can include, for example, four lines, and may be based on datatype GDT: FormattedAddress. FormattedPostalAddress may be optional, is a formatted postal address, can include, for example, three lines, and may be based on datatype GDT: FormattedPostalAddress. CountryCode may be optional, is a country of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: CountryCode. RegionCode may be optional, represents a region of an address, such as a federal, state, or county region, and may be based on datatype GDT: RegionCode. CityName may be optional, is a name of a city or district of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name, with a qualifier of City. StreetPostalCode may be optional, is a postal code for a street address, and may be based on datatype GDT: PostalCode, with a qualifier of Street. StreetName may be optional, is a name of a street, and may be based on datatype GDT: StreetName. HouseID may be optional, can be a house number, and may be based on datatype GDT: HouseID. BuildingID may be optional, is a building identifier, and may be based on datatype GDT: BuildingID. FloorID may be optional, can be a floor number, and may be based on datatype GDT: FloorID. RoomID may be optional, can be a room number, and may be based on datatype GDT: RoomID TaxJurisdictionCode may be optional, is a tax jurisdiction code of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: TaxJurisdictionCode. CorrespondenceLanguageCode may be optional, is a correspondence language of an address, and may be based on datatype GDT: LanguageCode, with a qualifier of Correspondence. FormattedConventionalPhoneNumberDescription may be optional, is a formatted textual representation of a default conventional phone number, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedConventionalPhoneNumber. NormalisedConventionalPhoneNumberDescription may be optional, is a normalized representation of a default conventional phone number, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of NormalisedConventionalPhoneNumber. FormattedMobilePhoneNumberDescription may be optional, is a formatted textual representation of a default mobile phone number, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedMobilePhoneNumber. NormalisedMobilePhoneNumberDescription may be optional, is a normalized representation of a default mobile phone number, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of NormalisedMobilePhoneNumber. FormattedFacsimileNumberDescription may be optional, is a formatted textual representation of a default fax number, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of FormattedFacsimileNumber. NormalisedFacsimileNumberDescription may be optional, is a normalized representation of a default fax number, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description, with a qualifier of NormalisedFacsimileNumber. EmailURI may be optional, can be a default E-mail address, and may be based on datatype GDT: EmailURI. WebURI may be optional, can be a default web address, and may be based on datatype GDT: WebURI. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1.

FIG. 33 illustrates one example logical configuration of an Address Snapshot Create Request Sync message 33000. Specifically, this figure depicts the arrangement and hierarchy of various components such as one or more levels of packages, entities, and datatypes, shown here as 33002 through 33022. As described above, packages may be used to represent hierarchy levels, and different types of cardinality relationships among entities can be represented using different arrowhead styles. Entities are discrete business elements that are used during a business transaction. Data types are used to type object entities and interfaces with a structure. For example, the Address Snapshot Create Request sync message 33000 includes, among other things, the Address Snapshot entity 33006. Accordingly, heterogeneous applications may communicate using this consistent message configured as such.

The message type Address Snapshot Create Request_sync is derived from the business object Address Snapshot as a leading object together with its operation signature and is a request to create an Address Snapshot. The structure of the message type Address Snapshot Create Request_sync is determined by the message data type AddressSnapshotCreateRequestMessagesync. The message data type AddressSnapshotCreateRequestMessagesync includes the MessageHeader package and the AddressSnapshot package. The package MessageHeader includes the entity BasicMessageHeader. BasicMessageHeader is typed by BusinessDocumentBasicMessageHeader.

The package AddressSnapshot includes the entity AddressSnapshot. AddressSnapshot includes the following non-node elements: SourceObjectNodeReference, which may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype AGDT:ObjectNodeReference. AddressSnapshot includes the following node elements: Web, in a 1:CN cardinality relationship; Email, in a 1:CN cardinality relationship; Facsimile, in a 1:CN cardinality relationship; Telephone, in a 1:CN cardinality relationship; CommunicationPreference, in a 1:C cardinality relationship; PostalAddress, in a 1:CN cardinality relationship; DisplayName, in a 1:CN cardinality relationship; and Name, in a 1:CN cardinality relationship.

Web includes the following non-node elements: URI, DefaultIndicator, and UsageDeniedIndicator. URI may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:WebURI. DefaultIndicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator. UsageDeniedIndicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator.

Email includes the following non-node elements: URI, DefaultIndicator, and UsageDeniedIndicator. URI may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:EmailURI. DefaultIndicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator. UsageDeniedIndicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator.

Facsimile includes the following non-node elements: Number, FormattedNumberDescription, DefaultIndicator, and UsageDeniedIndicator. Number may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype AGDT:PhoneNumber. FormattedNumberDescription may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description. DefaultIndicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator. UsageDeniedIndicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator.

Telephone includes the following non-node elements: Number, FormattedNumberDescription, DefaultConventionalPhoneNumberindicator, DefaultMobilePhoneNumberindicator, UsageDeniedIndicator, MobilePhoneNumberindicator, and SMSEnabledIndicator. Number may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype AGDT:PhoneNumber. FormattedNumberDescription may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description. DefaultConventionalPhoneNumberindicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator. DefaultMobilePhoneNumberindicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator. UsageDeniedIndicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator. MobilePhoneNumberindicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator. SMSEnabledIndicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator.

CommunicationPreference includes the following non-node elements: CorrespondenceLanguageCode, which may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:LanguageCode. DisplayName includes the following non-node elements: FormattedName, which may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:LONG_Name.

PostalAddress includes the following non-node elements: AddressRepresentationCode, CountryCode, RegionCode, CountyName, CityName, DistrictName, StreetPostalCode, POBoxPostalCode, CompanyPostalCode, StreetPrefixName, StreetName, StreetSuffixName, AdditionalStreetSuffixName, HouseID, BuildingID, RoomID, FloorID, CareOfName, POBoxDeviatingCountryCode, POBoxDeviatingRegionCode, POBoxDeviatingCityName, POBoxID, POBoxIndicator, TaxJurisdictionCode, and TimeZoneCode. AddressRepresentationCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:AddressRepresentationCode. CountryCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:CountryCode. RegionCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:RegionCode. CountyName may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name. CityName may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name. DistrictName may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name. StreetPostalCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:PostalCode. POBoxPostalCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:PostalCode. CompanyPostalCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:PostalCode. StreetPrefixName may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name. StreetName may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:StreetName. StreetSuffixName may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name. AdditionalStreetSuffixName may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name. HouseID may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:HouseID. BuildingID may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:BuildingID. RoomID may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:RoomID FloorID may have a multiplicity of 0.1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:FloorID. CareOfName may have a multiplicity of 0.1 and may be based on datatype CDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name. POBoxDeviatingCountryCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:CountryCode. POBoxDeviatingRegionCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:RegionCode. POBoxDeviatingCityName may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name. POBoxID may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:POBoxID. POBoxIndicator may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype CDT:Indicator. TaxJurisdictionCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:TaxJurisdictionCode. TimeZoneCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:TimeZoneCode.

Name includes the following non-node elements: AddressRepresentationCode and Name. AddressRepresentationCode may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:AddressRepresentationCode. Name may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype AGDT:OrganisationName.

FIG. 34 illustrates one example logical configuration of an Address Snapshot Create Confirmation Sync message 34000. Specifically, this figure depicts the arrangement and hierarchy of various components such as one or more levels of packages, entities, and datatypes, shown here as 34002 through 34006. As described above, packages may be used to represent hierarchy levels, and different types of cardinality relationships among entities can be represented using different arrowhead styles. Entities are discrete business elements that are used during a business transaction. Data types are used to type object entities and interfaces with a structure. For example, the Address Snapshot Create Confirmation Sync message 34000 includes, among other things, the Address Snapshot entity 34004. Accordingly, heterogeneous applications may communicate using this consistent message configured as such.

The message type Address Snapshot Create Confirmation_sync is derived from the business object Address Snapshot as a leading object together with its operation signature. The message type Address Snapshot Create Confirmation_sync is a positive or negative reply to a request to create an address snapshot. The structure of the message type Address Snapshot Create Confirmation_sync is determined by the message data type AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmationMessagesync. The message data type AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmationMessagesync includes the AddressSnapshot package and the Log package.

The package AddressSnapshot includes the entity AddressSnapshot. AddressSnapshot includes the following non-node elements: UUID and ChangeStateID. UUID may have a multiplicity of 0 . . . 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:UUID. ChangeStateID may have a multiplicity of 1 and may be based on datatype BGDT:ChangeStateID. The package Log includes the entity Log. Log is a sequence of messages that result from the creation of the address snapshot. Log is typed by datatype Log.

FIGS. 35-1 through 35-11 show an example configuration of an Element Structure that includes an AddressSnapshotCreateRequestsync 35000 package. Specifically, these figures depict the arrangement and hierarchy of various components such as one or more levels of packages, entities, and datatypes, shown here as 35000 through 35350. As described above, packages may be used to represent hierarchy levels. Entities are discrete business elements that are used during a business transaction. Data types are used to type object entities and interfaces with a structure. For example, the Address SnapshotCreateRequest_sync 35000 includes, among other things, an Address SnapshotCreateRequest_sync 35002. Accordingly, heterogeneous applications may communicate using this consistent message configured as such.

The AddressSnapshotCreateRequest_sync 35000 package is an AddressSnapshotCreateRequestMessage_sync 35004 data type. The AddressSnapshotCreateRequest_sync 35000 package includes an AddressSnapshotCreateRequest_sync 35002 entity. The AddressSnapshotCreateRequest_sync 35000 package includes various packages, namely a MessageHeader 35006 and an AddressSnapshot 35014.

The MessageHeader 35006 package is a BusinessDocumentBasicMessageHeader 35012 data type. The MessageHeader 35006 package includes a BasicMessageHeader 35008 entity. The BasicMessageHeader 35008 entity has a cardinality of 1 35010 meaning that for each instance of the MessageHeader 35006 package there is one BasicMessageHeader 35008 entity.

The AddressSnapshot 35014 package is an AddressSnapshotCreateRequest 35020 data type. The AddressSnapshot 35014 package includes an AddressSnapshot 35016 entity. The AddressSnapshot 35016 entity has a cardinality of 1 35018 meaning that for each instance of the Address Snapshot 35014 package there is one AddressSnapshot 35016 entity. The AddressSnapshot 35016 entity includes a SourceObjectNodeReference 35022 attribute. The AddressSnapshot 35016 entity includes various subordinate entities, namely a Web 35028, an Email 35052, a Facsimile 35076, a Telephone 35106, a CommunicationPreference 35154, a PostalAddress 35166, a DisplayName 35322 and a Name 35334. The SourceObjectNodeReference 35022 attribute is an ObjectNodeReference 35026 data type. The SourceObjectNodeReference 35022 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35024 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 35016 entity there may be one SourceObjectNodeReference 35022 attribute.

The Web 35028 entity has a cardinality of 0 . . . N 35030 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 35016 entity there may be one or more Web 35028 entities. The Web 35028 entity includes various attributes, namely an URI 35034, a DefaultIndicator 35040 and an UsageDeniedIndicator 35046. The URI 35034 attribute is a WebURI 35038 data type. The URI 35034 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35036 meaning that for each instance of the Web 35028 entity there may be one URI 35034 attribute. The DefaultIndicator 35040 attribute is an Indicator 35044 data type. The DefaultIndicator 35040 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35042 meaning that for each instance of the Web 35028 entity there may be one DefaultIndicator 35040 attribute. The UsageDeniedIndicator 35046 attribute is an Indicator 35050 data type. The UsageDeniedIndicator 35046 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35048 meaning that for each instance of the Web 35028 entity there may be one UsageDeniedIndicator 35046 attribute.

The Email 35052 entity has a cardinality of 0 . . . N 35054 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 35016 entity there may be one or more Email 35052 entities. The Email 35052 entity includes various attributes, namely an URI 35058, a DefaultIndicator 35064 and an UsageDeniedIndicator 35070. The URI 35058 attribute is an EmailURI 35062 data type. The URI 35058 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35060 meaning that for each instance of the Email 35052 entity there may be one URI 35058 attribute. The DefaultIndicator 35064 attribute is an Indicator 35068 data type. The DefaultIndicator 35064 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35066 meaning that for each instance of the Email 35052 entity there may be one DefaultIndicator 35064 attribute. The UsageDeniedIndicator 35070 attribute is an Indicator 35074 data type. The UsageDeniedIndicator 35070 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35072 meaning that for each instance of the Email 35052 entity there may be one UsageDeniedIndicator 35070 attribute.

The Facsimile 35076 entity has a cardinality of 0 . . . N 35078 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 35016 entity there may be one or more Facsimile 35076 entities. The Facsimile 35076 entity includes various attributes, namely a Number 35082, a FormattedNumberDescription 35088, a DefaultIndicator 35094 and an UsageDeniedIndicator 35100.

The Number 35082 attribute is a PhoneNumber 35086 data type. The Number 35082 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35084 meaning that for each instance of the Facsimile 35076 entity there may be one Number 35082 attribute. The FormattedNumberDescription 35088 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description 35092 data type. The FormattedNumberDescription 35088 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35090 meaning that for each instance of the Facsimile 35076 entity there may be one FormattedNumberDescription 35088 attribute.

The DefaultIndicator 35094 attribute is an Indicator 35098 data type. The DefaultIndicator 35094 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35096 meaning that for each instance of the Facsimile 35076 entity there may be one DefaultIndicator 35094 attribute. The UsageDeniedIndicator 35100 attribute is an Indicator 35104 data type. The UsageDeniedIndicator 35100 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35102 meaning that for each instance of the Facsimile 35076 entity there may be one UsageDeniedIndicator 35100 attribute.

The Telephone 35106 entity has a cardinality of 0 . . . N 35108 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 35016 entity there may be one or more Telephone 35106 entities. The Telephone 35106 entity includes various attributes, namely a Number 35112, a FormattedNumberDescription 35118, a DefaultConventionalPhoneNumberindicator 35124, a DefaultMobilePhoneNumberindicator 35130, an UsageDeniedIndicator 35136, a MobilePhoneNumberindicator 35142 and a SMSEnabledIndicator 35148.

The Number 35112 attribute is a PhoneNumber 35116 data type. The Number 35112 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35114 meaning that for each instance of the Telephone 35106 entity there may be one Number 35112 attribute. The FormattedNumberDescription 35118 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_SHORT_Description 35122 data type. The FormattedNumberDescription 35118 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35120 meaning that for each instance of the Telephone 35106 entity there may be one FormattedNumberDescription 35118 attribute.

The DefaultConventionalPhoneNumberindicator 35124 attribute is an Indicator 35128 data type. The DefaultConventionalPhoneNumberindicator 35124 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35126 meaning that for each instance of the Telephone 35106 entity there may be one DefaultConventionalPhoneNumberindicator 35124 attribute. The DefaultMobilePhoneNumberindicator 35130 attribute is an Indicator 35134 data type. The DefaultMobilePhoneNumberindicator 35130 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35132 meaning that for each instance of the Telephone 35106 entity there may be one DefaultMobilePhoneNumberindicator 35130 attribute.

The UsageDeniedIndicator 35136 attribute is an Indicator 35140 data type. The UsageDeniedIndicator 35136 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35138 meaning that for each instance of the Telephone 35106 entity there may be one UsageDeniedIndicator 35136 attribute. The MobilePhoneNumberindicator 35142 attribute is an Indicator 35146 data type. The MobilePhoneNumberindicator 35142 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35144 meaning that for each instance of the Telephone 35106 entity there may be one MobilePhoneNumberindicator 35142 attribute. The SMSEnabledIndicator 35148 attribute is an Indicator 35152 data type. The SMSEnabledIndicator 35148 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35150 meaning that for each instance of the Telephone 35106 entity there may be one SMSEnabledIndicator 35148 attribute.

The CommunicationPreference 35154 entity has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35156 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 35016 entity there may be one CommunicationPreference 35154 entity. The CommunicationPreference 35154 entity includes a CorrespondenceLanguageCode 35160 attribute. The CorrespondenceLanguageCode 35160 attribute is a LanguageCode 35164 data type. The CorrespondenceLanguageCode 35160 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35162 meaning that for each instance of the CommunicationPreference 35154 entity there may be one CorrespondenceLanguageCode 35160 attribute.

The PostalAddress 35166 entity has a cardinality of 0 . . . N 35168 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 35016 entity there may be one or more PostalAddress 35166 entities. The PostalAddress 35166 entity includes various attributes, namely an AddressRepresentationCode 35172, a CountryCode 35178, a RegionCode 35184, a CountyName 35190, a CityName 35196, a DistrictName 35202, a StreetPostalCode 35208, a POBoxPostalCode 35214, a CompanyPostalCode 35220, a StreetPrefixName 35226, a StreetName 35232, a StreetSuffixName 35238, an AdditionalStreetSuffixName 35244, a HouseID 35250, a BuildingID 35256, a RoomID 35262, a FloorID 35268, a CareOfName 35274, a POBoxDeviatingCountryCode 35280, a POBoxDeviatingRegionCode 35286, a POBoxDeviatingCityName 35292, a POBoxID 35298, a POBoxIndicator 35304, a TaxJurisdictionCode 35310 and a TimeZoneCode 35316.

The AddressRepresentationCode 35172 attribute is an AddressRepresentationCode 35176 data type. The AddressRepresentationCode 35172 attribute has a cardinality of 0.1 35174 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one AddressRepresentationCode 35172 attribute. The CountryCode 35178 attribute is a CountryCode 35182 data type. The CountryCode 35178 attribute has a cardinality of 0.1 35180 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one CountryCode 35178 attribute.

The RegionCode 35184 attribute is a RegionCode 35188 data type. The RegionCode 35184 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35186 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one RegionCode 35184 attribute. The CountyName 35190 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name 35194 data type. The CountyName 35190 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35192 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one CountyName 35190 attribute.

The CityName 35196 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name 35200 data type. The CityName 35196 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35198 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one CityName 35196 attribute. The DistrictName 35202 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name 35206 data type. The DistrictName 35202 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35204 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one DistrictName 35202 attribute.

The StreetPostalCode 35208 attribute is a PostalCode 35212 data type. The StreetPostalCode 35208 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35210 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one StreetPostalCode 35208 attribute. The POBoxPostalCode 35214 attribute is a PostalCode 35218 data type. The POBoxPostalCode 35214 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35216 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one POBoxPostalCode 35214 attribute.

The CompanyPostalCode 35220 attribute is a PostalCode 35224 data type. The CompanyPostalCode 35220 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35222 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one CompanyPostalCode 35220 attribute. The StreetPrefixName 35226 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name 35230 data type. The StreetPrefixName 35226 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35228 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one StreetPrefixName 35226 attribute.

The StreetName 35232 attribute is a StreetName 35236 data type. The StreetName 35232 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35234 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one StreetName 35232 attribute. The StreetSuffixName 35238 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name 35242 data type. The StreetSuffixName 35238 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35240 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one StreetSuffixName 35238 attribute.

The AdditionalStreetSuffixName 35244 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name 35248 data type. The AdditionalStreetSuffixName 35244 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35246 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one AdditionalStreetSuffixName 35244 attribute. The HouseID 35250 attribute is a HouseID 35254 data type. The HouseID 35250 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35252 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one HouseID 35250 attribute.

The BuildingID 35256 attribute is a BuildingID 35260 data type. The BuildingID 35256 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35258 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one BuildingID 35256 attribute. The RoomID 35262 attribute is a RoomID 35266 data type. The RoomID 35262 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35264 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one RoomID 35262 attribute.

The FloorID 35268 attribute is a FloorID 35272 data type. The FloorID 35268 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35270 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one FloorID 35268 attribute. The CareOfName 35274 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name 35278 data type. The CareOfName 35274 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35276 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one CareOfName 35274 attribute.

The POBoxDeviatingCountryCode 35280 attribute is a CountryCode 35284 data type. The POBoxDeviatingCountryCode 35280 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35282 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one POBoxDeviatingCountryCode 35280 attribute. The POBoxDeviatingRegionCode 35286 attribute is a RegionCode 35290 data type. The POBoxDeviatingRegionCode 35286 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35288 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one POBoxDeviatingRegionCode 35286 attribute.

The POBoxDeviatingCityName 35292 attribute is a LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name 35296 data type. The POBoxDeviatingCityName 35292 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35294 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one POBoxDeviatingCityName 35292 attribute. The POBoxID 35298 attribute is a POBoxID 35302 data type. The POBoxID 35298 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35300 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one POBoxID 35298 attribute.

The POBoxIndicator 35304 attribute is an Indicator 35308 data type. The POBoxIndicator 35304 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35306 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one POBoxIndicator 35304 attribute. The TaxJurisdictionCode 35310 attribute is a TaxJurisdictionCode 35314 data type. The TaxJurisdictionCode 35310 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35312 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one TaxJurisdictionCode 35310 attribute. The TimeZoneCode 35316 attribute is a TimeZoneCode 35320 data type. The TimeZoneCode 35316 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35318 meaning that for each instance of the PostalAddress 35166 entity there may be one TimeZoneCode 35316 attribute.

The DisplayName 35322 entity has a cardinality of 0 . . . N 35324 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 35016 entity there may be one or more DisplayName 35322 entities. The DisplayName 35322 entity includes a FormattedName 35328 attribute. The FormattedName 35328 attribute is a LONG Name 35332 data type. The FormattedName 35328 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35330 meaning that for each instance of the DisplayName 35322 entity there may be one FormattedName 35328 attribute.

The Name 35334 entity has a cardinality of 0 . . . N 35336 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 35016 entity there may be one or more Name 35334 entities. The Name 35334 entity includes various attributes, namely an AddressRepresentationCode 35340 and a Name 35346. The AddressRepresentationCode 35340 attribute is an AddressRepresentationCode 35344 data type. The AddressRepresentationCode 35340 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35342 meaning that for each instance of the Name 35334 entity there may be one AddressRepresentationCode 35340 attribute. The Name 35346 attribute is an OrganisationName 35350 data type. The Name 35346 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 35348 meaning that for each instance of the Name 35334 entity there may be one Name 35346 attribute.

FIG. 36 shows an example configuration of an Element Structure that includes an Address SnapshotCreateConfirmation_sync 36000 package. Specifically, this figure depicts the arrangement and hierarchy of various components such as one or more levels of packages, entities, and datatypes, shown here as 36000 through 36032. As described above, packages may be used to represent hierarchy levels. Entities are discrete business elements that are used during a business transaction. Data types are used to type object entities and interfaces with a structure. For example, the Address SnapshotCreateConfirmationsync 36000 includes, among other things, an AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmation_sync 36002. Accordingly, heterogeneous applications may communicate using this consistent message configured as such.

The AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmation_sync 36000 package is an AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmationMessage_sync 36004 data type. The AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmation_sync 36000 package includes an AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmation_sync 36002 entity. The Address SnapshotCreateConfirmationsync 36000 package includes various packages, namely an AddressSnapshot 36006 and a Log 36026.

The AddressSnapshot 36006 package is an AddressSnapshotCreateConfirmation 36012 data type. The AddressSnapshot 36006 package includes an AddressSnapshot 36008 entity. The AddressSnapshot 36008 entity has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 36010 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 36006 package there may be one AddressSnapshot 36008 entity. The AddressSnapshot 36008 entity includes various attributes, namely an UUID 36014 and a ChangeStateID 36020.

The UUID 36014 attribute is an UUID 36018 data type. The UUID 36014 attribute has a cardinality of 0 . . . 1 36016 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 36008 entity there may be one UUID 36014 attribute. The ChangeStateID 36020 attribute is a ChangeStateID 36024 data type. The ChangeStateID 36020 attribute has a cardinality of 1 36022 meaning that for each instance of the AddressSnapshot 36008 entity there is one ChangeStateID 36020 attribute.

The Log 36026 package is a Log 36032 data type. The Log 36026 package includes a Log 36028 entity. The Log 36028 entity has a cardinality of 1 36030 meaning that for each instance of the Log 36026 package there is one Log 36028 entity.

FIG. 37 illustrates an example object model for an Approval Process Definition business object 37000. Specifically, the object model depicts interactions among various components of the Approval Process Definition business object 37000, as well as external components that interact with the Approval Process Definition business object 37000 (shown here as 37002 and 37022). The Approval Process Definition business object 37000 includes elements 37004 through 37020 that can be hierarchical, as depicted. For example, Approval Process Definition entity 37004 hierarchically includes zero or more Version entities 37006 and an Access Control List dependent object entity 37008. Similarly, Version entity 37008 includes zero or more Version Description entities 37010 and zero or more Step entities 37012. Some or all of the entities 37004 through 37020 can correspond to packages and/or entities in the message data types described below.

The business object Approval Process Definition is a definition of an approval process, including a specification of a business document type to be approved, a task type to be performed, and persons responsible. The Approval Process Definition business object belongs to the process component Workflow Management. The Approval Process Definition business object belongs to the deployment unit Foundation. The business object Approval Process Definition has an object category of Technical Object and a technical category of Standard Business Object.

The business object Approval Process Definition has a Root node. The elements located directly at the node Root are defined by the data type ApprovalProcessDefinitionElements. These elements include: UUID, BusinessObjectTypeCode, BusinessObjectNodeTypeCode, and SupportAreaCode. UUID may be optional, may be an alternative key, is a universally unique identifier for an approval process definition instance, and may be based on datatype GDT: UUID. BusinessObjectTypeCode may be optional, is a business object type for which an approval process is defined, and may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectTypeCode. BusinessObjectNodeTypeCode may be optional, is a business object node type for which an approval process is defined, and may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectNodeTypeCode. SupportAreaCode may be optional, is a support area code of a business object for which an approval process is defined, and may be based on datatype GDT: SupportAreaCode. The following composition relationships to subordinate nodes exist: Version, with a cardinality of 1:CN. The following composition relationships to dependent objects exist: Access Control List, with a cardinality of 1:1.

A SelectAll query can be used to return the node IDs of all instances of the root node. A QueryByElements query can be used to return a list of approval process definitions according to specified selection elements. The query elements are defined by the inline structure: APD_ROOT_QU. These elements include: UUID, BusinessObjectTypeCode, BusinessObjectNodeTypeCode, and SupportAreaCode. UUID may be based on datatype GDT: UUID. BusinessObjectTypeCode may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectTypeCode. BusinessObjectNodeTypeCode may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectNodeTypeCode. SupportAreaCode may be based on datatype GDT: SupportAreaCode.

Version is a version of an approval process definition that includes a specific validity period. In some implementations, at any point in time after a default version is created, there can be exactly one active version (e.g., there might not be any gaps and there might be one version with unlimited validity). The elements located directly at the node Version are defined by the inline structure: APD_VERSION_EL. These elements include: VersionUUID, ValidityStartDate, ValidityEndDate, ValidityStartDateTime, ValidityEndDateTime, RuntimeRepositoryUUID, SystemAdministrativeData, and DefaultIndicator. VersionUUID may be optional, may be an alternative key, is a universally unique identifier for a version of an approval process definition, and may be based on datatype GDT: UUID. ValidityStartDate may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: Date. ValidityEndDate may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: Date. ValidityStartDateTime may be optional, is a point in time at which a validity of an approval process definition version starts, and may be based on datatype GDT: LOCALNORMALISED_DateTime. ValidityEndDateTime may be optional, is a point in time at which a validity of an approval process definition version ends, and may be based on datatype GDT: LOCALNORMALISED_DateTime. RuntimeRepositoryUUID may be optional, is a universally unique identifier for a runtime representation of an approval process definition version, and may be based on datatype GDT: UUID. SystemAdministrativeData may be optional, and includes administrative data about an approval process definition version. This data includes system users and change dates/times and may be based on datatype GDT: SystemAdministrativeData. DefaultIndicator may be optional, is an indicator that specifies whether an approval process definition version is initially created during deployment, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator.

The following composition relationships to subordinate nodes exist: Version Description, with a cardinality of 1:CN, which may include a text composition; and Step, with a cardinality of 1:CN. The following inbound association relationships may exist: Creation Identity, from the business object Identity/node Identity, with a cardinality of 1:CN; and LastChangeIdentity, from the business object Identity/node Identity, with a cardinality of 1:CN. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist to the node Root: Parent, with a target cardinality of 1; and Root, with a target cardinality of 1.

A Create with Reference action can be used to create a new version of an approval process definition based on a referenced approval process definition version. In some implementations, a validity period of a new version might not be initially set, and if so, a new version is not active.

A Set Validity action can include action elements. The action elements are defined by the data type SetValidityActionElements. These elements include: ValidityFromDate and ValidityToDate. ValidityFromDate may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: Date. ValidityToDate may be optional and may be based on datatype GDT: Date. Other actions may include Activate and Deploy.

A SelectAll query can be used to return the node IDs of all instances of the node. A QueryByElements query can be used to return a list of versions according to specified selection elements. The query elements are defined by the data type VersionQueryElements. These elements include: ValidityStartDate, ValidityEndDate, TaskStatusCode, ValidityStartDateTime, ValidityEndDateTime, DefaultIndicator, RuntimeRepositoryID, and VersionUUID. ValidityStartDate may be based on datatype GDT: Date. ValidityEndDate may be based on datatype GDT: Date. TaskStatusCode may be based on datatype GDT: TaskLifeCycleStatusCode. ValidityStartDateTime may be based on datatype GDT: LOCALNORMALISED_DateTime. ValidityEndDateTime may be based on datatype GDT: LOCALNORMALISED_DateTime. DefaultIndicator may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator. RuntimeRepositoryID may be based on datatype GDT: UUID. VersionUUID may be based on datatype GDT: UUID.

Version Description Text Node includes a name of a version of an approval process definition. The elements located directly at the node Version Description are defined by the data type ApprovalProcessDefinitionVersionDescriptionElements. These elements include VersionDescription, which may be optional, is a name of a version, and may be based on datatype GDT: Description. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist: Root, to the node Root, with a target cardinality of 1; and Parent, to the node Version, with a target cardinality of 1. A SelectAll query can be used to return the node IDs of all instances of the node.

Step represents a step within a version of an approval process definition. Steps can be executed in a sequential order. Several steps can be done in parallel. The elements located directly at the node Step are defined by the inline structure APD_STEP_EL. These elements include: StepUUID, SequenceNumberValue, StepName, AllApprovalsRequiredIndicator, ResponsibleAgentQueryCategoryCode, ResponsibleAgentQueryCode, TaskTypeCode, TaskTypeUUID, RelevanceConditionExistenceIndicator, TaskResponsibilityDeterminationMethodCode, and SkipStepWithNoResponsibleIndicator.

StepUUID may be optional, may be an alternative key, is a universally unique identifier for an approval process definition version step, and may be based on datatype GDT: UUID. SequenceNumberValue may be optional, is a number within a sequence of steps indicating when a step is to be executed, and may be based on datatype GDT: OrdinalNumberValue. Multiple steps can have a same sequence number, and in such a case those steps can be executed in parallel. StepName may be optional, is a name of a step, and may be based on datatype GDT: LANGUAGEINDEPENDENT_MEDIUM_Name. AllApprovalsRequiredIndicator may be optional, is an indicator that specifies whether approvers found for a step have to approve the step, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator. In some implementations, if an indicator is not set, a step is approved once one approver approves the step. ResponsibleAgentQueryCategoryCode may be optional, is a code of a responsibility query category that is used to determine approvers for a step, and may be based on datatype GDT: ResponsibleAgentQueryCategoryCode. ResponsibleAgentQueryCode may be optional, is a code of a responsibility query that is used to determine approvers for a step, and may be based on datatype GDT: ResponsibleAgentQueryCode. TaskTypeCode may be optional, is a code of a task type that is used for business tasks that are created for a step, and may be based on datatype GDT: TaskTypeCode. TaskTypeUUID may be optional, is a universally unique identifier for a task type that is used for business tasks that are created for a step, and may be based on datatype GDT: UUID. RelevanceConditionExistenceIndicator may be optional, is an indicator that specifies whether at least one condition is relevant for a step, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator. An example condition is “amount greater than 1000 USD”. TaskResponsibilityDeterminationMethodCode may be optional, is a coded representation of a method with which approvers of a step are determined, and may be based on datatype GDT: TaskResponsibilityDeterminationMethodCode. Example values for TaskResponsibilityDeterminationMethodCode are ‘explicit’ and ‘query based’. For a value of ‘query based’, the following elements are relevant: ResponsibleAgentQueryCategoryCode and ResponsibleAgentQueryCode. SkipStepWithNoResponsibleIndicator may be optional, is an indicator that specifies whether a step is to be skipped if no approvers can be determined, and may be based on datatype GDT: Indicator.

The following composition relationships to subordinate nodes exist: Relevance Condition, with a cardinality of 1:CN; StepSpecifiedResponsible, with a cardinality of 1:CN; and StepApprovalReason, with a cardinality of 1:CN. The following composition relationships to dependent objects exist: TextCollection, with a cardinality of 1:C. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist: Root, to the node Root, with a target cardinality of 1; and Parent, to the node Version, with a target cardinality of 1. A Remove Step action can be used to remove a step. A SelectAll query may be used to return the node IDs of all instances of the node.

Relevance Condition represents a relevance condition of a step. A step can be executed if all relevance conditions are fulfilled. A condition can be defined using a business object node element, a function that performs a calculation with the value of the node element, an operator, and a fixed value. An example condition is: “Total amount of the purchase order >1000 EUR”. The elements located directly at the node Relevance Condition are defined by the inline structure APD_RELEVANCE_CONDITION_EL. These elements include: AttributeObjectTypeProxyID, AttributeObjectNodeTypeProxyID, AttributeObjectNodeElementID, AttributeCalculationABAPClassID, OperatorTypeCode, and AttributeValue.

AttributeObjectTypeProxyID may be optional, is an identifier for a proxy of an object type for which a condition is defined, and may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectTypeProxyID. The object type may be an allowed attribute defined for an approval process definition component. AttributeObjectNodeTypeProxyID may be optional, is an identifier for a proxy of an object node type for which a condition is defined, and may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectNodeTypeProxyID. The object node type may be an allowed attribute defined for an approval process definition component. AttributeObjectNodeElementID may be optional, is an identifier for a proxy of an object node element for which a condition is defined, and may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectNodeElementID. AttributeCalculationABAPClassID may be optional, is an identifier for a class that is used to perform an additional calculation with an attribute before a comparison operation takes place, and may be based on datatype GDT: ABAPClassID. OperatorTypeCode may be optional, is a coded representation of a type of operator used in a condition, and may be based on datatype GDT: CompareOperatorCode. AttributeValue may be optional, is a fixed value used in a condition, and may be based on datatype GDT: ObjectPropertyValue. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist: Root, to the node Root, with a target cardinality of 1; Parent, to the node Step, with a target cardinality of 1; and Version, to the node Version, with a target cardinality of C. A SelectAll query can be used to return the node IDs of all instances of the node.

StepSpecifiedResponsible represents one or more specified responsible entities of a step of an approval process definition version. In some implementations, the StepSpecifiedResponsible node is visible if ‘1—Explicit’ is selected for a task responsibility determination method code. The elements located directly at the node StepSpecifiedResponsible are defined by the inline structure APD_SPECIFIEDRESPONSIBLES_EL. These elements include Identity, which may be optional, is an identity of a responsible agent for an approver of a step, and may be based on datatype GDT: ResponsibleAgent. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist: Root, to the node Root, with a target cardinality of 1; Parent, to the node Step, with a target cardinality of 1; and Version, to the node Version, with a target cardinality of C

StepApprovalReason is an approval reason for a step which explains the purpose of the step. The elements located directly at the node StepApprovalReason are defined by the data type ApprovalProcessDefinitionStepApprovalReasonElements. These elements include ApprovalReasonDescription, which may be optional, is a description of the purpose of the step, and may be based on datatype GDT: Description. The following specialization associations for navigation may exist: Root, to the node root, with a target cardinality of 1; Parent, to the node Step, with a target cardinality of 1; and Version, to the node Version, with a target cardinality of C.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium including program code for providing a message-based interface for exchanging information about address snapshots, the medium comprising: program code for receiving via a message-based interface derived from a common business object model, where the common business object model includes business objects having relationships that enable derivation of message-based interfaces and message packages, the message-based interface exposing at least one service as defined in a service registry and from a heterogeneous application executing in an environment of computer systems providing message-based services, a first message for requesting creation of an address snapshot, the address snapshot including one or more addresses associated with an individual, the first message including a first message package hierarchically organized based on and derived from the common business object model, the hierarchical organization of the message package including: at a first hierarchical level in the first message package, an address snapshot create request sync message entity; and at the first hierarchical level in the first message package, an address snapshot package, wherein the address snapshot package includes, at a first hierarchical level in the first message package, an address snapshot entity, wherein the address snapshot entity includes, at a second hierarchical level in the first message package, at least one web entity, at least one email entity, and at least one name entity; program code for processing the first message based on the hierarchical organization of the first message package, where processing the first message includes unpacking the first message package based on the hierarchical organization of the first message package and the first message package's deriviation from the common business object model, wherein the particular hierarchical organization of the first message package is used at least in part to identify the purpose of the first message; and program code for sending a second message to the heterogeneous application responsive to the first message, where the second message includes a second message package derived from the common business object model to provide consistent semantics with the first message package.
 2. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the address snapshot entity further includes, at the second hierarchical level in the first message package, at least one of the following: at least one facsimile entity, at least one telephone entity, a communication preference entity, at least one postal address entity, and at least one display name entity.
 3. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the address snapshot entity further includes, at the second hierarchical level in the first message package a source object node reference.
 4. A distributed system operating in a landscape of computer systems providing message-based services defined in a service registry, the system comprising: at least one processor operable to execute computer readable instructions embodied on non-transitory media; a graphical user interface executable by the at least one processor and comprising computer readable instructions, embedded on non-transitory tangible media, for requesting creation of an address snapshot, including one or more addresses associated with an individual, the instructions using a request; a first memory storing a user interface controller executable by the at least one processor for processing the request and involving a first message including a first message package derived from a common business object model, where the common business object model includes business objects having relationships that enable derivation of message-based service interfaces and message packages, the first message package hierarchically organized based on and derived from the common business object model, the hierarchical organization of the message package including: at a first hierarchical level in the first message package, an address snapshot create request sync message entity; and at the first hierarchical level in the first message package, an address snapshot package, wherein the address snapshot package includes, at a first hierarchical level in the first message package, an address snapshot entity, wherein the address snapshot entity includes, at a second hierarchical level in the first message package, at least one web entity, at least one email entity, and at least one name entity; and a second memory, remote from the graphical user interface, storing a plurality of service interfaces executable by the at least one processor and derived from the common business object model to provide consistent semantics with messages derived from the common business object model, wherein one of the message-based service interfaces is operable to process the message based on the hierarchical organization of the first message package, where processing the message includes unpacking the first message package based on the hierarchical organization of the first message package and the first message package's derivation from the common business object model, wherein the particular structure of the message package is used at least in part to identify the purpose of the message.
 5. The distributed system of claim 4, wherein the first memory is remote from the graphical user interface.
 6. The distributed system of claim 4, wherein the first memory is remote from the second memory.
 7. A tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium including program code for providing a message-based interface for exchanging information about approval process definitions, the medium comprising: program code for receiving via a message-based interface derived from a common business object model, where the common business object model includes business objects having relationships that enable derivation of message-based interfaces and message packages, the message-based interface exposing at least one service as defined in a service registry and from a heterogeneous application executing in an environment of computer systems providing message-based services, a first message for notifying of an approval process definition, including identifying a business object type and a business object node type for which an approval process is defined, the first message including a message package hierarchically organized in memory based on and derived from the common business object model, the first message package including: at a first hierarchical level in the first message package, an approval process definition notification message entity; and at the first hierarchical level in the first message package, an approval process definition package, wherein the approval process definition package includes, at a second hierarchical level in the first message package, an approval process definition entity, wherein the approval process definition entity includes, at a third hierarchical level in the first message package, an access control list entity, a universally unique identifier, a business object type code; program code for processing the first message based on the hierarchical organization of the first message package, where processing the first message includes unpacking the first message package based on the hierarchical organization of the first message package and the first message package's deriviation from the common business object model, wherein the particular hierarchical organization of the first message package is used at least in part to identify the purpose of the first message; and program code for sending a second message to the heterogeneous application responsive to the first message, where the second message includes a second message package derived from the common business object model to provide consistent semantics with the first message package.
 8. The computer readable medium of claim 7, wherein the approval process definition entity further includes at least one version entity.
 9. The computer readable medium of claim 7, wherein the approval process definition entity further includes at least one of the following: a business object node type code and a support area code.
 10. A distributed system operating in a landscape of computer systems providing message-based services defined in a service registry, the system comprising: at least one processor operable to execute computer readable instructions embodied on non-transitory media; a graphical user interface executable by the at least one processor and comprising computer readable instructions, embedded on non-transitory tangible media, for notifying of an approval process definition, including identifying a business object type and a business object node type for which an approval process is defined, the instructions using a request; a first memory storing a user interface controller executable by the at least one processor for processing the request and involving a first message including a first message package derived from a common business object model, where the common business object model includes business objects having relationships that enable derivation of message-based service interfaces and message packages, the first message package hierarchically organized based on and derived from the common business object model, the hierarchical organization of the message package including: at a first hierarchical level in the first message package, an approval process definition notification message entity; and at the first hierarchical level in the first message package, an approval process definition package, wherein the approval process definition package includes, at a second hierarchical level in the first message package, an approval process definition entity, wherein the approval process definition entity includes, at a third hierarchical level in the first message package, an access control list entity, a universally unique identifier, a business object type code; and a second memory, remote from the graphical user interface, storing a plurality of service interfaces executable by the at least one processor and derived from the common business object model to provide consistent semantics with messages derived from the common business object model, wherein one of the message-based service interfaces is operable to process the message based on the hierarchical organization of the first message package, where processing the message includes unpacking the first message package based on the hierarchical organization of the first message package and the first message package's derivation from the common business object model, wherein the particular structure of the message package is used at least in part to identify the purpose of the message.
 11. The distributed system of claim 10, wherein the first memory is remote from the graphical user interface.
 12. The distributed system of claim 10, wherein the first memory is remote from the second memory. 